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171.
Paul Augustinus Michael Reid Sofia Andersson Yanbin Deng Mark Horrocks 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(4):789-805
Frozen sediment cores from Lake Pupuke in Auckland City, New Zealand, contain a high resolution decadal to annual scale record
of changing lake paleoenvironments and geochemistry that reflects changing landuse and hydrology in the catchment over the
past c. 190 years. A reliable chronology is available from AMS 14C and 210Pb dating of the sediments, with the timing of the older part of the record supported by the first appearance of pollen of
introduced Pinus and Plantago lanceolata associated with European settlement of Auckland in the early 1840s. Diatom stratigraphy, sediment elemental and carbon isotope
geochemistry reflect changes in sediment sources and lake conditions commensurate with European development of the Lake Pupuke
catchment, in particular enhanced algal productivity controlled by the influx of nutrients after c. 1920 AD. Attempts to prevent
nuisance algal blooms in 1933, 1934 and 1939 using CuSO4 addition produced Cu spikes in the sediment that allowed confirmation of the accuracy of the 210Pb chronology. Hence, the elemental and isotopic composition of the Lake Pupuke sediments reflect the timing of significant
anthropogenic activities, rather than climatic variations, that have occurred within the watershed over the past c. 190 years.
The comparison of records of land use change in the catchment with the multi-proxy record of changes in the sediments usually
allowed unambiguous identification of the signatures of change and their causes. 相似文献
172.
Reconstructing recent limnological history often relies on lead-210 dating to accurately ascribe a chronology to a sediment
profile. In Lake Okeechobee, Florida, a large, shallow subtropical lake that may experience severe mixing, multiple dating
methods are required to confirm that conformable sedimentation has been preserved and that the assumptions of the 210Pb method are satisfied. This study uses stratigraphic profiles of heavy metals, 137Cs, PCBs and pollen as independent dating markers to validate the sediment chronology as determined by 210Pb for three cores from the central mud zone of the lake. Unsupported 210Pb and most dating markers show distinct concentration/depth profiles, suggesting that the sediments have not been severely
mixed for at least the last 75 years. Onset and maximum activity of the radioisotope 137Cs in the cores coincides with the 210Pb-dated interval of 1945–1970. This agrees well with the known timing of atmospheric deposition of 137Cs that resulted from above-ground nuclear testing during late 1940s until 1963. Sediment core profiles of atmospherically
deposited metals such as Zn and Pb, which reflect regional increases during industrialization and decreases after regulation
in the 1970s, exhibit expected concentration increases and peaks coinciding within 5–15 years of the predicted 210Pb dates. Uranium, a contaminant in some phosphate fertilizers, shows large concentration increases at core depths dated to
be about 1950 by 210Pb, matching the intensification of agriculture after WWII. PCBs, which are expected to peak in the early 1970s, were measured
in one core, and the observed peak corresponds to a 210Pb date of about 1960. Pollen makers were unable to verify specific events, but increases in disturbance taxa and declines
in native types correspond generally with the expected dates assigned by 210Pb dating. Conformity between the 210Pb defined dates and independent markers of < ±15 years confirm that Lake Okeechobee sediments do preserve a sequential and
reliable stratigraphic history of the lake, useful for reconstructing past limnological conditions. 相似文献
173.
Environmental Changes at the Desert Margin: An Assessment of Recent Paleolimnological Records in Lake Qarun, Middle Egypt 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. J. Flower C Stickley N. L. Rose S Peglar A. A. Fathi P. G. Appleby 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(1):1-24
Lake Qarun has been profoundly affected by a combination of human activities and climatic changes during the past 5000 years.
Instrumental records available for the 20th century show that during most of this period both lake water level and salinity increased and that by the late 1980s lake water salinity was approximately that of seawater.
Sediment cores (c. 1 m long) were collected from this shallow (Zmax 8.4 m) saline lake in 1998 and the master core (QARU1) was used to examine the potential of paleolimnology for reconstructing
the recent environmental history of the site. According to 137Cs and 210Pb radio-assay, the recent sediment accumulation rate in QARU1 was around 5 mm year−1 during the latter half of the 20th century but radionuclide levels were low. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) were
present in the upper c. 30 cm of QARU1 and indicates contamination by low level particulate pollution, probably beginning
around 1950. The record of exotic pollen (Casuarina) indicated that sediment at 51–52 cm depth dated to around 1930. Otherwise the pollen spectra indicated a strongly disturbed
landscape with high ruderals and increased tree planting particularly since c. 1950. Diatom records were strongly affected
by taphonomic processes including reworking and differential preservation but typical marine diatoms increased after the 1920s.
Instrumental records show that the lake became more saline at this time. Freshwater taxa were present at approximately similar
abundances throughout the core. This distribution probably reflected a combination of processes. Reworking of ancient freshwater
diatomites is one likely source for freshwater diatoms in QARU1 but some taxa must also be contributed via the freshwater
inflows. Overall, the diatom stratigraphy indicated increasingly salinity since the 1920s but provided no firm evidence of
lake eutrophication. Diatom inferred salinity reconstructions were in only partial agreement with instrumental records but
inferred for the lower section of the core (pre 20th century to the 1960s) accord with measured water salinity values. Surficial
sediments of Lake Qarun contain environmental change records for the 20th century period but high sediment accumulation rate
and pollen reflect the high degree of human disturbance in the region. Because of poor preservation and evidence of reworking,
the relationships between diatom records and past water quality changes require careful interpretation, especially in the
upper section of the core. Nevertheless, early to mid 20th century measurements of increasing lake water salinity are well
supported by sediment records, a change that is probably linked to ingress of saline ground water 相似文献
174.
分析了洪山预测区西部洪山岩体地质特征及其向外围扩散的范围和程度,研究了北掌勘查区和焦窑煤矿两邻区煤层受岩浆岩影响的程度,认为洪山岩体对预测区煤系及煤层赋存的影响较小,岩体外围仍有煤系赋存。为下一步找煤指明了方向。 相似文献
175.
在分析戈壁沙漠地区地球物理特征的基础上,针对性的提出了解决煤田地质构造问题的方法,包括三维地震野外施工方法的选取、施工因素的选择、资料处理手段;并以获得的实际地质成果证实三维地震在解决复杂地质构造问题的可行性。 相似文献
176.
通过对淮北煤田孙庄勘探区地质构造、沉积特征、煤层煤质及煤层气赋存特征的分析,研究认为有利于本区煤层气赋存的主要因素是较大的埋藏深度、较高的壳质组+镜质组、较高的变质程度、较大的煤层厚度、低透气性的盖层、较缓的地层倾角和封闭性较好的构造条件,推测煤田深部可能具有一定工业价值的煤层气资源。 相似文献
177.
Monitoring of Over Cutting Area and Lubrication Distribution in a Large Slurry Pipe Jacking Operation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Saeid Khazaei Hideki Shimada Takashi Kawai Junichi Yotsumoto Kikuo Matsui 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(3):735-755
Slurry pipe jacking was firmly established as a special method for the non-disruptive construction of the underground pipelines
of sewage systems. Pipe jacking, in its traditional form, has occasionally been used for short railways, roads, rivers, and
other projects. Basically the system involves the pushing or thrusting of concrete pipes into the ground by a number of jacks.
In slurry pipe jacking, during the pushing process, mud slurry and lubricant are injected into the face and the over cutting
area that is between the concrete pipes and the surrounding soil. Next, the slurry fills voids and the soil stabilizes due
to the created slurry cake around the pipes. Fillings also reduce the jacking force or thrust during operation. When the drivage
and pushing processes are finished, a mortar injection into the over cutting area is carried out in order to maintain permanent
stability of the surrounding soil and the over cutting area. Successful lubrication around the pipes is extremely important
in a large diameter slurry pipe jacking operation.
Control of lubrication and gaps between pipes and soil can prevent hazards such as surface settlement and increases in thrust.
Also, to find voids around the pipes after the jacking process, in order to inject mortar for permanent stabilizing, an investigation
around the pipes is necessary. To meet these aims, this paper is concerned with the utilization of known methods such as the
GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) system and borehole camera to maintain control of the over cutting area and lubricant distribution
around the pipes during a site investigation. From this point of view, experiments were carried out during a tunnel construction
using one of the largest cases of slurry pipe jacking in Fujisawa city, Japan. The advantages and disadvantages of each system
were clarified during the tests. 相似文献
178.
A. M. Larin E. B. Sal’nikova A. B. Kotov L. B. Makar’ev S. Z. Yakovleva V. P. Kovach 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2006,14(5):463-474
Early Proterozoic granitoids are of a limited occurrence in the Baikal fold area being confined here exclusively to an arcuate belt delineating the outer contour of Baikalides, where rocks of the Early Precambrian basement are exposed. Geochronological and geochemical study of the Kevakta granite massif and Nichatka complex showed that their origin was related with different stages of geological evolution of the Baikal fold area that progressed in diverse geodynamic environments. The Nichatka complex of syncollision granites was emplaced 1908 ± 5 Ma ago, when the Aldan-Olekma microplate collided with the Nechera terrane. Granites of the Kevakta massif (1846 ± 8 Ma) belong to the South Siberian postcollision magmatic belt that developed since ~1.9 Ga during successive accretion of microplates, continental blocks and island arcs to the Siberian craton. In age and other characteristics, these granites sharply differ from granitoids of the Chuya complex they have been formerly attributed to. Accordingly, it is suggested to divide the former association of granitoids into the Chuya complex proper of diorite-granodiorite association ~2.02 Ga old (Neymark et al., 1998) with geochemical characteristics of island-arc granitoids and the Chuya-Kodar complex of postcollision S-type granitoids 1.85 Ga old. The Early Proterozoic evolution of the Baikal fold area and junction zone with Aldan shield lasted about 170 m.y. that is comparable with development periods of analogous structures in other regions of the world. 相似文献
179.
180.
福建省滨海火电厂地质灾害问题及风险控制探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
郑承忠 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2005,16(2):47-52
滨海火力发电厂工程主要包括厂区建筑、码头、管道、取排水、填海和贮灰场等工程。其主要面临着福建省海岸带构造运动、断裂及地震活动、港湾淤积、海底滑坡、软土地基、海底活动地貌、基岩不均匀风化以及人类工程活动等主要的灾害性地质因素。通过对这些因素潜在的致灾特点分析,提出了滨海火电厂地质灾害风险控制应包括选址阶段地质灾害风险回避、设计施工阶段地质灾害风险处理及运行阶段地质灾害风险监控等3方面。地质灾害风险评估是滨海火电厂地质灾害风险控制的首要任务。针对滨海电厂工程的特点,评估内容应着重于地质灾害危险性评估及易损性评估。选址阶段地质灾害风险回避主要是对构造不稳定的回避。地质灾害风险处理主要是电厂工程的基础处理及管道抗冲刷处理。电厂运行阶段地质灾害风险监控主要是对建筑物基础稳定性及海域冲淤变化的监控。 相似文献