RNDSI: A ratio normalized difference soil index for remote sensing of urban/suburban environments

Understanding land use land cover change (LULCC) is a prerequisite for urban planning and environment management. For LULCC studies in urban/suburban environments, the abundance and spatial distributions of bare soil are essential due to its biophysically different properties when compared to anthropologic materials. Soil, however, is very difficult to be identified using remote sensing technologies majorly due to its complex physical and chemical compositions, as well as the lack of a direct relationship between soil abundance and its spectral signatures. This paper presents an empirical approach to enhance soil information through developing the ratio normalized difference soil index (RNDSI). The first step involves the generation of random samples of three major land cover types, namely soil, impervious surface areas (ISAs), and vegetation. With spectral signatures of these samples, a normalized difference soil index (NDSI) was proposed using the combination of bands 7 and 2 of Landsat Thematic Mapper Image. Finally, a ratio index was developed to further highlight soil covers through dividing the NDSI by the first component of tasseled cap transformation (TC1). Qualitative (e.g., frequency histogram and box charts) and quantitative analyses (e.g., spectral discrimination index and classification accuracy) were adopted to examine the performance of the developed RNDSI. Analyses of results and comparative analyses with two other relevant indices, biophysical composition index (BCI) and enhanced built-up and bareness Index (EBBI), indicate that RNDSI is promising in separating soil from ISAs and vegetation, and can serve as an input to LULCC models.     

SAR影像与TM影像的几种融合处理方法

利用彩色空间变换、比值变换及相关系数法分别对SAR影像与TM3 、TM4 、TM5 三波段影像进行融合处理。文章介绍了影像融合中的具体技术问题及其处理方法。因侧视雷达图像一般有明显的孤立噪声,所以,在进行影像融合处理之前,先对SAR影像进行预处理,文中用δ滤波法抑制孤立噪声(光斑) .最后,从视觉效果、熵、平均梯度值以及标准差等4 方面评价了影像融合的质量。     

土壤水分及土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的作用

文章根据1996年在中国栾城农业生态试验站观测的田间试验资料,分析了土壤水分和土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的抑制和加速作用。对于显热和潜热输送,土壤水分起决定作用,土壤水分越小,显热通量越大,潜热通量越小,反之亦然。只在土壤水分较小时界面厚度对显热和潜热输送作用较大。对于土壤热输送,界面厚度起决定作用,界面厚度越大土壤热通量越小。分析还发现60cm深处土壤水势与叶水势和大气水势的相关系数较其它深度处的土壤水势大。0～60cm土层是确定土壤水分运动对界面水热传输影响的一个良好的指示层。     

Assessment of the ecological status of Mediterranean French coastal waters as required by the Water Framework Directive using the Posidonia oceanica Rapid Easy Index: PREI

This paper describes the PREI (Posidonia oceanica Rapid Easy Index), a method used to assess the ecological status of seawater along Mediterranean French coasts. The PREI was drawn up according to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC) and was tested on 24 and 18 stations in PACA (Provence-Alpes-Côtes d’Azur) and Corsica, respectively. The PREI is based on five metrics: shoot density, shoot leaf surface area, E/L ratio (epiphytic biomass/leaf biomass), depth of lower limit, and type of this lower limit. The 42 studied stations were classified in the first four levels of status: high, good, moderate and poor. The PREI values ranged between 0.280 and 0.847; this classification is in accordance with our field knowledge and with our knowledge of the literature. The PREI was validated regarding human pressure levels (r² = 0.74). (http://eurex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:327:0001:0072:EN:PDF).     

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基于构造应力场资料的加卸载响应比方法研究

引入中国大陆构造应力场资料,结合区域构造及断层运动特征,根据岩石力学原理确定优质破裂面,对走滑断层、正断层和逆断层３种主要断层运动形式,推导了有效剪应力表达式;提出了新的加卸载判定,并对部分震例进行了再研究。     

基于Landsat TM6的林区温度反演研究

主要研究利用Landsat TM6热红外波段遥感数据定量反演林地温度的方法与可行性。首先计算了研究区的比值植被指数（RVI）,然后利用单窗算法开展林地温度反演,建立起了林地温度与比值植被指数之间的相关关系。研究结果表明：利用单窗算法反演的林地温度精度较高;林地温度与比值植被指数（RVI）25间存在着密切的负相关关系,林地温度与林冠变化之间关系十分密切。     

黑鲷饲料中最适蛋白质含量及动、植物蛋白比的研究

于1988年7月—8月和1989年7月—8月，以酪蛋白为蛋白源，采用蛋白含量梯度法进行黑鲷饲料中最适蛋白质含量研究。结果表明，黑鲷幼鱼饲料中，蛋白质的最适含量约为50．19％。1988年8月—9月和1989年8月—9月，以玉筋鱼为动物蛋白源，以花生饼粉为植物蛋白源，饲料中总蛋白质含量相等，进行黑鲷饲料中最适动、植物蛋白比研究。结果表明，黑鲷幼鱼饲料中，动、植物蛋白的最适比例为1.00：0.89－0.96。     

A novel combined spectral index for estimating the ratio of carotenoid to chlorophyll content to monitor crop physiological and phenological status

Accurate estimation of the ratio of carotenoid (Car) to chlorophyll (Chl) content is crucial to provide valuable insight into diagnoses of plant physiological and phenological status in crop fields. Studies for assessing the ratio of Car to Chl content have been extensively conducted with semi-empirical approaches using spectral indices. However, spectral indices established in previous studies generally relied on site- or species-specific measured data and these indices typically lacked sufficient estimation accuracy for the ratio of Car to Chl content to be used across various species and under different physiological conditions. In this study, we propose a novel combined carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio index (CCRI) in the form of the carotenoid index (CARI) divided by the red-edge chlorophyll index (CI_red-edge): The value of the index is illustrated using synthetic data simulated from the leaf radiative transfer model PROSPECT-5 and with extensive measured datasets at both the leaf and canopy level from the ANGERS dataset and winter wheat and maize field experiments. Results show that CCRI was the index with the highest correlation with the ratio of Car to Chl content in PROSPECT-5 simulations (R² = 0.99, RRMSE = 8.65%) compared to other spectral indices. Calibration and validation results using the ANGERS and winter wheat leaf level data showed that CCRI achieved accurate estimation of the ratio of Car to Chl content (R² = 0.52, RRMSE = 14.10%). CCRI also showed a good performance (R² = 0.54, RRMSE = 17.08%) for estimation of the ratio of Car to Chl content in both calibration and validation with the winter wheat and maize canopy spectra measured in field experiments. Further investigation of the effect of the correlation between leaf Chl and Car content on the performance of CCRI indicated that variation of the correlation affected the retrieval accuracy of CCRI, and CCRI might not be very sensitive to changes of the ratio of Car to Chl content with low values (<0.10).     

CMSC型固化剂改良土的新型CBR试验研究

针对苏北某高速公路沿线特殊软土的特点,采用两种方案按全粉料配料的方法配制CMSC型固化剂,并按一定剂量掺入土中。同时,考虑当地的水文气候因素,针对传统钢制击实筒的饱水条件偏保守的特点,研制了新型击实筒,在新型击实筒内制备试件并养护至规定龄期,采用新型浸水装置饱水,进行贯入试验。结果表明,试件的各向饱水条件更接近实际工况,增强了CBR值的可信度。CMSC型固化剂改良土的改良效果优于石灰改良土,且固化剂掺入剂量存在最佳掺量,同时分析了CMSC型固化剂的加固机理,为进一步研究和工程应用提供了参考。