丹霞山世界地质公园蜂窝状洞穴特征及成因分析

蜂窝状洞穴以其精致的形貌和众说纷纭的成因吸引着科研人员和普通大众的兴趣。丹霞山世界地质公园蜂窝状洞穴主要产于晚白垩世丹霞组二段(锦石岩段)风成砂岩的崖壁上。本文以园区长老峰锦石岩寺和睡美人禄意堂两处蜂窝状洞穴为研究对象,通过野外实地调查,了解洞穴生长环境,定量统计分析其形态特征,并采集砂岩样品进行显微镜下观察,探讨洞穴形成与盐风化作用的关系。研究表明:蜂窝状洞穴所在的岩性主要为中—细粒长石岩屑砂岩,发育大型高角度交错层理,渗透性较好;洞穴开口均向下朝向锦江,有利于来自锦江河流的湿润水汽较长时间地保持在小洞内部;洞穴开口基本服从泰森多边形分布。因此,碎屑颗粒相对比较均匀的风成砂岩为丹霞山蜂窝状洞穴的发育提供了重要的岩石基础,锦江河流为盐风化提供了必要的湿润水汽和盐分。在初始发育阶段,从岩壁上最适合盐风化作用的若干个点开始形成细小的坑洼,逐步向同层位扩张。单个小洞穴由于盐风化作用,洞穴内部风化速率大于洞穴开口边缘,导致蜂窝状洞穴内部空间扩大较快。然后,蜂窝状洞穴的发育突破纹层的限制,逐步加大、变深而呈泰森多边形规则分布。最终,随着洞穴加深,在重力、风力的影响下,蜂窝状洞穴隔壁减薄失稳,洞穴消亡。     

Permafrost distribution in the Posets massif,Central Pyrenees

The Posets massif is located in the Central Pyrenees and reaches a height of 3363 m a.s.l. at the Posets peak, the second highest massif in the Pyrenees. Geomorphological maps of scales 1:25000 and 1:10000, BTS (bottom temperature of winter snow), ground measurements and snow poles were used to observe the more representative periglacial active landform association, ground thermal regime, the winter snow cover evolution and basal temperatures of snow. The main active periglacial landforms and processes related to the ground thermal regime and snow cover were studied. Mountain permafrost up to 2700 m a.s.l. on northexposed slopes and up to 2900 m a.s.l. on south-exposed slopes were detected. Three permafrost belts were differentiated: sporadic permafrost between 2700 and 2800 m a.s.l. and between 2850 and 3000 m a.s.l., discontinuous permafrost between 2800 and 2950 and between 2950 and 3050, and continuous permafrost up to 2900 m a.s.l. and up to 3050 m a.s.l. on northern and southern slopes, respectively.     

大兴安岭伊勒呼里山早白垩世碱长花岗岩年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

对大兴安岭伊勒呼里山早白垩世碱长花岗岩进行了岩相学、地球化学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年研究。伊勒呼里山地区碱长花岗岩主量元素具有富Si、富碱,贫Mg、Ca的特征;微量元素亏损Sr、P、Eu、Ti,富集K、Rb、Th等不相容元素,元素地球化学特征表明,岩体为铝质A型花岗岩(A/CNK=0.88~1.21,A/NK=0.94~1.49)。测年结果显示,粗中粒碱长花岗岩的锆石年龄为140.3±1.0Ma,细中粒碱长花岗岩锆石年龄为137.9±0.8Ma,均形成于早白垩世。结合区域研究资料,伊勒呼里山地区碱长花岗岩岩体的形成与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合后的岩石圈伸展密切相关,其岩浆源区可能为地壳物质的部分熔融。     

拉鸡山裂谷带特征及演化

拉鸡山构造带东西长逾 6 50km ,展布于由元古宇组成的结晶地块内部 ,是一条早古生代火山岩极为发育的构造带。通过作者在拉鸡山多年的野外调查工作和研究 ,认为该地区无论在区域地质学、岩石学、构造变形学还是大地构造演化方面 ,其早古生代构造演化史皆具典型的裂谷带特征。晚古生代以来 ,区内经历了陆内多阶段造山过程。新生代早更新世 ,拉鸡山巨型断裂带发生左旋走滑运动 ,导致断裂带弧形转折部位强烈崛起 ,形成雄伟高山。     

A geographical analysis of warm season lightning/landscape interactions across Colorado,USA

This article analyzes lightning/landscape interactions across the State of Colorado. Ten years (2003–2012) of warm season cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity are mapped at 500 × 500 m² to characterize the distribution of thunderstorm activity. Geospatial analyses quantify lightning activity by elevation, physiographic region, and mountain range, and time-series animations outline the general movement of thunderstorms. From these spatio-temporal perspectives, our objective is to elucidate lightning/landscape interactions as they occur over a topographically and climatologically diverse landscape. The information aids meteorologists by exposing orographic and rainshadow effects, mesoscale meteorological effects, fluxes of moisture sources, thunderstorm initiation zones, and thunderstorm movements. Other benefits extend to wildland fire managers, those who maintain lightning-vulnerable infrastructures, and, from a human risk perspective, an overall awareness to those who work and play outdoors. Major findings include (1) elevation alone does not determine the degree of lightning activity, (2) across the state's mountain ranges, lightning density varies considerably, but the number of lightning days does not, and (3) the time of lightning initiation and maxima varies by elevation, with higher mountain elevations experiencing most activity 1 h before lower mountain elevations, and 3 h before lower Great Plains locations.     

江西武功山花岗岩地貌特征与成因

江西武功山花岗岩穹窿构造地貌景观类型具有多样性、典型性,具有极高的美学价值、科学价值和旅游开发价值。武功山花岗岩地貌类型可划分为花岗岩风化壳高山草甸、花岗岩侵蚀构造地貌、花岗岩流水侵蚀地貌和花岗岩崩塌堆积地貌等,而且每一类型又有多种微地貌景观,具有显著的集聚性特征,主要集中在金顶、明月山和羊狮幕地区,空间上可分为4个梯度,分别为中心高山草甸带、中心边缘构造侵蚀地貌区、外围峡谷、孤峰、瀑布、温泉区、武功山主山体前缘区。花岗岩穹窿构造核部及外缘区域的花岗岩地貌发育模式和发育阶段具有明显差异,反映了武功山不同山体单元多期差异性隆升后,在亚热带气候环境下,流水溯源侵蚀、构造、岩体性质等内外营力对原始地貌面的差异性作用过程。本研究不仅可为花岗岩穹窿构造地貌景观空间展布规律和地貌特征的研究提供有效借鉴,而且可为武功山地区地学科普、地质遗迹保护等提供支撑。     

Instability characteristics of the East Asian Monsoon recorded by high-resolution loess sections from the last interglacial (MIS5)

The selection of high-resolution loess sections is needed in order to determine the climatic variability of the East Asian Monsoon during the last interglacial. Two sequences of S1 on the eastern and west-ern sides of the Liupan Mountain were both composed of five paleosol layers and four loess layers,indicating that there were five strong summer monsoon events and four strong winter monsoon events in MIS5. This corresponds with other records of the East Asian Monsoon,along with NGRIP and the North Atlantic records,implying that the climate of the Northern Hemisphere was very instable during the last interglacial. Two layers of paleosols and one layer of loess had developed during MIS5a and MIS5c. Compared with MIS5e,the climate in MIS5a and MIS5c fluctuated more intensively on a millen-nial scale,whereas the climate was relatively stable in MIS5e.     

阿尔泰东南缘布尔根地区造山带型金矿床硫铅同位素特征及地质意义

阿尔泰东南缘布尔根地区造山带型金矿床受韧性剪切带控制,有两种矿化类型：一为石英脉型,另一种为糜棱岩型。糜棱岩型金矿硫化物的δ^34S值变化于-10.009‰～-2.819‰,平均值为-5.29‰,石英脉型金矿硫化物的δ^34S值变化于-0.062‰～-1.688‰,平均值为-1.0575‰。布尔根地区金矿床的金属硫化物样品具有较窄的^207Pb／^204Pb比值,变化于17.71～18.35;相对较高的^207Pb／^204Pb比值为15.31～15.64和^208Pb／^204Pb比值为37.13～38.07,铅同位素分析结果表明,该区金矿床成矿物质铅来源于地幔及下地壳。硫、铅同位素特征反映了布尔根地区金矿床成矿物质具有多来源特征。     

青海东昆仑肯德可克金-有色金属矿床矿物特征研究

肯德可克贵金属-有色金属矿床有多种元素达到工业要求，矿物组成复杂，本文在详细的光、薄片鉴定和电子探针分析的基础上，分析研究了该矿床的矿物组成特征，并根据成矿地质特征、矿物组合特点和矿物间的穿插关系，划分了成矿期次，进而确定该矿床为-多期成矿作用叠加的叠生型金-有色金属矿床。