甘肃西峰红粘土~4.5Ma孢粉记录的植被转变及其与青藏高原隆升的关系

甘肃西峰红粘土剖面蕴涵了大量古环境和古气候变化信息,是重建黄土高原生态环境和气候演化的重要地质记录。通过对红粘土地层孢粉学研究,发现孢粉组合特征在~4.5Ma发生了明显转变,乔木植物花粉明显减少,草本植物花粉大量增加,尤其是藜科花粉百分含量显著增加,麻黄出现频率明显增高;孢粉类型C/A(Chenopodiaceae/Artemisia)和B/A(Betula/Artemisia)的比值发生显著变化,反映研究区从~4.5Ma开始植被类型由稀疏森林草原逐步转变为典型草原,甚至荒漠草原,揭示了亚洲内陆生态环境的一次显著变干事件。这一信息与前人研究红粘土中其他替代性指标指示的气候变干过程具有很好的一致性。孢粉组合中藜科植物含量在此时迅速递增,反映黄土高原气候的季节性反差明显加强。青藏高原在~4.5Ma发生的隆升可能是导致这次亚洲内陆干旱化的主要驱动因素,高原对暖湿气流的屏障和加强季节性反差可能是导致干旱化的重要途径。     

地下水浮力作用机理模型试验设计与实施

城市空间日趋紧缺,由此引发了地下空间开发的飞速发展,然而各类地下工程的安全运营都无一例外地受地下水动态变化的强烈制约,因地下水影响而引发了一系列新的岩土工程问题,其中尤为突出的是地下结构物的抗浮评价问题。对此,现有的规范尚未给出较为明确的规定,人们对此的认识也相当不统一;理论及概念层面的探讨较多,系统的试验及测试研究较少。详细介绍了用于研究地下水浮力作用机理的模型试验整体构思、试验装置设计及实施过程。     

西昆仑山前冲断带晚新生代构造地貌特征

在卫片解译、DEM数据处理、地形图分析与剖面制作的基础上,结合野外构造地貌考察与观测,对西昆仑山前冲断带的构造地貌特征进行了定量、半定量的研究。沿山前发育系统的水系变化、冲积扇变化、不对称背斜、大规模正断裂、不对称河流阶地等典型的构造地貌,表明这条由南向北逆冲的冲断带在扩展过程中存在着由西向东迁移的特征。冲断带的东西分段以桑株河为界,以西发育固满背斜,其构造样式为向北的逆冲伴随向南的反冲;以东发育一系列不对称的背斜,表现出明显的由南向北逆冲的特征,地表无明显的反冲构造出现。利用生长地层和河流阶地估算了西昆仑山的隆升速率:晚上新世—早更新世以来的最低隆升速率为0.21～0.25mm/a,100ka以来的隆升速率为1.5mm/a。     

内蒙古大青山北石兰哈达石英闪长岩构造环境讨论

内蒙古大青山北石兰哈达地区的晚古生代黑云石英闪长岩,1∶20万区域地质调查时将其置于华力西中期第二次侵入体(δο42(2)),现经岩石学、地球化学、同位素年代学研究,认为该石英闪长岩为早二叠世岩浆活动的产物。岩石具高铝、高钾、高钙的特点,A/CNK<1.1,σ在2.05～2.83之间,为高钾钙碱性岩,属I型花岗岩类,产于碰撞后的抬升构造环境。岩石稀土总量偏低,LREE富集,δEu=0.8～1.0,稀土曲线呈右倾平滑型,其物质来源很可能是源于软流圈的玄武质岩浆与元古宙地壳物质混合作用的结果。     

Crustal attenuation in the Southern Andean retroarc (38°–39°30′ S) determined from tectonic and gravimetric studies: The Lonco-Luán asthenospheric anomaly

The western retroarc of the Southern Andes between 38° and 40° S is formed by a NNW-elongated ridge not associated with stacked thrust sheets. On the contrary, during the last 4–3 Ma this ridge was affected by extensional deformation, regional uplift and related folding on a very broad scale. Receiver function analysis shows that the drainage divide area and adjacent retroarc lie over an attenuated crust. Expected crustal thickness at these latitudes is around 38 km, whereas in this part of the retroarc the thickness is less than 32 km. The causes for such attenuation have been linked to a moderate steepening of the subducted Nazca plate beneath the South American plate, which is suggested by a westward shift and narrowing of the magmatic arc during the last 4 to 5 Ma. Gravimetric studies show that the upper plate did not react homogeneously to slab steepening, but ancient sutures and lithospheric discontinuities deeply buried under Mesozoic to Cenozoic sequences in the retroarc were locally reactivated. These processes resulted in an asthenospheric anomaly that correlates at the surface with the area of Pliocene to Quaternary doming, widespread extension and three radial troughs. Two of the troughs have accommodated substantial amounts of extension, but the third was probably aborted at an early stage. Moreover, the presence of an anomalous concentration of calderas and large volcanic centers over the proposed asthenospheric anomaly, and their age distribution, may indicate minor migration of the asthenospheric anomaly between 4 and 2 Ma through the western South American plate.     

晋东北地区燕山运动的基本特征——来自1∶25万应县幅区域地质调查的总结

晋东北地区燕山期地壳活动剧烈而频繁,经历了3次由伸展→挤压转换→隆升和岩浆活动过程。燕山运动早期形成早侏罗世断陷盆地和中侏罗世挤压坳陷型聚煤构造盆地;中期中晚侏罗世形成被NW、NE向深大断裂围限的火山断陷盆地,中基性—酸性火山喷发和浅成、超浅成中酸性岩浆侵入,晚侏罗世末形成了一系列NNE向褶皱和逆冲推覆构造带;晚期早白垩世再次形成断陷盆地和开阔平缓褶皱,义县组不整合在火山岩之上,晚白垩世处于挤压造山后的山体隆升阶段,左云组不整合在义县组之上,伴随有壳源型花岗岩侵入,NW、NE向断裂复活,形成地堑、地垒式断裂组合,导致山体隆升。     

鄂尔多斯盆地伊盟隆起区东部微烃渗漏区的遥感识别及其意义

微烃渗漏遥感探测的机理主要是建立在烃类微渗漏异常地球化学表征和形成的基础上。本文主要依据Schum acher(1996)和Saunders等(1999)提出的烃类微渗漏异常地球化学原理和模型,以鄂尔多斯盆地伊盟隆起东部为研究区,以多光谱遥感和航空放射性遥感为探测手段,分别利用氧化铁指数(TM3/TM1)、亚铁指数(TM5/TM4)和黏土化指数(TM5/TM7)来识别Fe3 氧化物、Fe2 氧化物和有机质、黏土化和碳酸盐化的相对富集区,同时用矿物组合图像来增强显示上述信息。综合亚铁指数(TM5/TM4)分割图像、矿物组合图像、航放铀、钍、钾信息及钍归一化铀指数等信息,提取了研究区微烃渗漏地段。研究表明,研究区存在两条Fe2 氧化物和有机质相对富集区带。一条为与库布齐沙漠走向近于一致的北部近东西向带,它与石油部门发现和描述的油气渗漏区域基本一致。另一条为泊海子—准召—新庙不连续的北西向带,它的北界与泊海子—准召断裂展布基本一致。在垂直中部北西向微烃渗漏带的剖面上,清晰显示亚铁指数(Fe2 )、航放测量铀(U)、钍归一化铀(Ud)为正异常;氧化铁指数(Fe3 )、航放测量总道值(Tc)和钾(K)、钍归一化(Kd)为负异常的特点。研究认为地表还原带是由油气微渗漏形成的,推测受断裂、裂隙带控制的、主要由油气微渗漏形成的还原带对东胜铀矿带形成聚集起了重要作用。     

西昆仑卡日巴生岩体和苦子干岩体的隆升：来自磷灰石裂变径迹分析的证据

笔者对采自青藏高原西北部塔什库尔干县城西侧卡日巴生花岗岩体和苦子干碱性花岗岩体的7个不同高程的样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹年龄和径迹长度的测试分析。结果表明,自5Ma以来,这一地区经历了脉动式的,总体由缓慢到快速的隆升过程。通过“径迹年龄—高程”法等计算的隆升速率表明,5～2Ma隆升速率为0.1mm/a±;2Ma后,隆升速率增至2mm/a±。同时对样品进行了径迹长度的分析,表明5Ma以来的隆升并不是一个持续抬升过程,存在着相对稳定的阶段,总体表现为一脉动式隆升。并结合区域地质资料分析,认为早期的隆升与印度板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞挤压有关,2Ma后的隆升是由青藏高原内部热均衡调整造成的。所测试的样品中,6个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在2.14～5.19Ma,显示出随着样品高程的增加,裂变径迹年龄增大的规律。而其中一个样品的单颗粒径迹年龄较为分散,揭示了早期与隆升有关的热历史的信息。     

Magnetostratigraphy and palaeoclimatic significance of Late Tertiary aeolian sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau

The aeolian Red Clay sequence in the central part of the Chinese Loess Plateau was investigated in an attempt to obtain magnetostratigraphic and palaeoclimatic records. From the results, we deduce that aeolian dust accumulation and the related East Asia palaeomonsoon system began at least 7.6  Myr ago, and that the Tibetan Plateau had reached a significant elevation by that time. The Late Tertiary palaeoclimatic history of the Red Clay as reflected by magnetic susceptibility is reconstructed for the time period 7.6–2.5  Ma. Increases in aeolian dust accumulation for the last 7.6  Myr appear to have a close relation with the uplift processes of the Tibetan Plateau. The remarkable increase of aeolian dust accumulation beginning at 3.2  Ma appears to reflect the influence of an increasing global ice volume on the East Asian monsoon and aeolian dust accumulation.     

Cenozoic erosion and the preglacial uplift of the Svalbard–Barents Sea region

The creation of the huge fans observed in the western Barents Sea margin can only be explained by assuming extremely high glacial erosion rates in the Barents Sea area. Glacial processes capable of producing such high erosion rates have been proposed, but require the largest part of the preglacial Barents Sea to be subaerial. To investigate the validity of these proposals we have attempted to reconstruct the western preglacial Barents Sea. Our approach was to combine erosion maps based on prepublished data into a single mean valued erosion map covering the whole western Barents Sea and consequently use it together with a simple Airy isostatic model to obtain a first rough estimate of the preglacial topography and bathymetry of the western Barents Sea margin. The mean valued erosion map presented herein is in good volumetric agreement with the sediments deposited in the western Barents Sea margin areas, and as a direct consequence of the averaging procedures employed in its construction we can safely assume that it is the most reliable erosion map based on the available information. By comparing the preglacial sequences with the glacial sequences in the fans we have concluded that 1/2 to 2/3 of the total Cenozoic erosion was glacial in origin and therefore a rough reconstruction of the preglacial relief of the western Barents Sea could be obtained. The results show a subaerial preglacial Barents Sea. Thus, during interglacials and interstadials the area may have been partly glaciated and intensively eroded up to 1 mm/y, while during relatively brief periods of peak glaciation with grounded ice extending to the shelf edge, sediments have been evacuated and deposited at the margins at high rates. The interplay between erosion and uplift represents a typical chicken and egg problem; initial uplift is followed by intensive glacial erosion, compensated by isostatic uplift, which in turn leads to the maintenance of an elevated, and glaciated, terrain. The information we have on the initial tectonic uplift suggests that the most likely mechanism to cause an uplift of the dimensions and magnitude of the one observed in the Barents Sea is a thermal mechanism.