韧性剪切带的变形变质与同构造熔融作用——以中祁连地块宝库河韧性走滑剪切带为例

宝库河韧性剪切带是发育在中祁连地块北缘上的一条向北陡倾,走向近东西,宽约6 km的右行平移型韧性剪切带.剪切带内岩石原岩为泥质岩、基性岩和花岗岩,变质程度达角闪岩相,变形变质温度在685～763±46℃之间,压力在0.62～0.83±0.13 GPa范围内.其内长英质条带非常发育,规模变化较大,分布局部相对集中且受剪切带控制,走向与剪切带一致,平行于叶理,孤立无根,并在后期递进变形过程中发生不同程度的糜棱岩化、布丁化和褶皱,主要成分为长石和石英,明显不同于韧性剪切前或后侵入的花岗岩脉或岩体.长英质条带特征、REE配分模式及剪切带内岩石的变形变质温度说明剪切带内发育的长英质条带与基体是同源的,是在剪切应变过程中剪切热使围岩内部分物质发生动态熔融形成的,是同构造熔融作用的产物.     

The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates

While it has been demonstrated in numerous studies that the aboveground characteristics of the vegetation are of particular importance with respect to soil erosion control, this study argues the importance of separating the influence of vegetation on soil erosion rates into two parts: the impact of leaves and stems (aboveground biomass) and the influence of roots (belowground biomass). Although both plant parameters form inseparable constituents of the total plant organism, most studies attribute the impact of vegetation on soil erosion rates mainly to the characteristics of the aboveground biomass. This triggers the question whether the belowground biomass is of no or negligible importance with respect to soil erosion by concentrated flow. This study tried to answer this question by comparing cross‐sectional areas of concentrated flow channels (rills and ephemeral gullies) in the Belgian Loess Belt for different cereal and grass plant densities. The results of these measurements highlighted the fact that both an increase in shoot density as well as an increase in root density resulted in an exponential decrease of concentrated flow erosion rates. Since protection of the soil surface in the early plant growth stages is crucial with respect to the reduction of water erosion rates, increasing the plant root density in the topsoil could be a viable erosion control strategy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanisms of riverbank failure along the Arno River,central Italy

Riverbanks along the Arno River have been investigated with the aims of de?ning the main mechanisms of failure and retreat, their spatial distribution, and their causes. Geomorphological aspects were investigated by a reconnaissance of riverbank processes, for a number (26) of representative sites. Laboratory and in situ tests were then performed on a selected number of riverbanks (15). Based on the material characteristics, six main typologies of riverbanks have been de?ned, with homogeneous ?ne‐grained and composite banks representing the most frequent types. Slab‐type failures are the most frequent mechanism observed on ?ne‐grained banks, while cantilever failures prevail on composite banks. The role of river stage and related pore water pressure distributions in triggering the main observed mechanisms of failure has been investigated using two different types of stability analysis. The ?rst was conducted for 15 riverbanks, using the limit equilibrium method and considering simpli?ed hypotheses for pore water pressure distribution (annulment of negative pore pressures in the portion of the bank between low water stage and peak stage). Stability conditions and predicted mechanisms of failure are shown to be in reasonably good agreement with ?eld observations. Three riverbanks, representative of the main alluvial reaches of the river, were then selected for a more detailed bank stability analysis, consisting of: (a) de?nition of characteristic hydrographs of the reach with different return periods; (b) modelling of saturated and unsaturated ?ow using ?nite element seepage analysis; and (c) stability analysis with the limit equilibrium method, by adopting pore water pressure values derived from the seepage analysis. The results are compared to those obtained from the previous simpli?ed analysis, and are used to investigate the different responses, in terms of stability, to different hydrological and riverbank conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北燕山裂陷槽中元古代的深水沉积

对燕山沉降带中元古代的沉积相，有关学者大多定位于以滨海－浅海相为主体。根据在冀北地区的研究，于中元古代团山子组、高于庄组、杨庄组、雾迷山组、洪水庄组和铁岭组中发现大量深水沉积，主要有硅质页岩、含锰页岩、深水浊积岩及各种碳酸盐岩溶解相的系列沉积等。这对于深入研究燕山裂陷槽发展演化具有重要意义。     

滇西思茅大平掌矿区火山岩特征及其构造环境

滇西大平掌铜多金属矿床的含矿建造(龙洞河组)主要由细碧岩-角斑岩-石英角斑岩和流纹岩-硅质岩组成,伴有部分火山角砾岩、凝灰岩,属双峰式火山岩组合。火山岩具明显的Na2O>K2O和Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti亏损。岩石化学和微量元素判别标志指示含矿建造形成于岛弧裂陷环境。结合区域构造古地理资料分析,它是滇西南古特提斯洋壳在晚石炭世-早二叠世由西向东俯冲过程中岩浆作用的结果。     

停止开采深层地下水 修复与改善生态环境

沧州市水资源短缺，深层地下水严重超采，已形成大面积区域地下水位降落漏斗，地面沉降已达2m，生态环境严重恶化．为保障经济社会的可持续发展，要积极引调地表水，开发利用地下咸水，加强雨洪控制利用，逐步替代最后终止深层地下水的开采。从根本上修复和改善生态环境。     

房地产市场的发展对测绘学科教学的要求

分析了房地产市场发展的状况，提出了对测绘学科教学的要求，对测绘人才的需求，并对高校培养房产测绘人才综合能力提出了具体建议。     

空间数据质量相关问题探讨

阐述研究空间数据质量问题的必要性和重要性,进而依据GIS数据流程系统分析了产生数据质量问题的各种因素;并重点介绍了空间数据质量问题中基本的误差和不确定性分析方法以及常用的误差控制与校正方法。     

GPS弦距与常规光电测距弦距的比较与分析

比较GPS弦距与常规光电测距弦距的差别，对分析GPS测量误差问题，解决GPS与地面数据联合平差中权的确定问题，以及检核GPS网的解算结果具有重要意义。本文利用一多期复测成果，对其中的一些问题作了初步探讨。     

GIS支持下的全国广播电视信息管理系统的建设

介绍了GIS支持下的与专业信息充分结合的 ,为领导和专业技术人员提供决策支持等方面的实例。从技术和应用角度论述了服务于全国广播、电视信息管理和决策的“GIS支持下的全国广播电视覆盖信息管理系统”。对构成系统的数据组成、数据库结构、主要功能模块、应用效果等情况进行了系统论述