Multiscale quantification of urban composition from EO-1/Hyperion data using object-based spectral unmixing

Quantification of the urban composition is important in urban planning and management. Previous research has primarily focused on unmixing medium-spatial resolution multispectral imagery using spectral mixture analysis (SMA) in order to estimate the abundance of urban components. For this study an object-based multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) approach was applied to unmix the 30-m Earth Observing-1 (EO-1)/Hyperion hyperspectral imagery. The abundance of two physical urban components (vegetation and impervious surface) was estimated and mapped at multiple scales and two defined geographic zones. The estimation results were validated by a reference dataset generated from fine spatial resolution aerial photography. The object-based MESMA approach was compared with its corresponding pixel-based one, and EO-1/Hyperion hyperspectral data was compared with the simulated EO-1/Advanced Land Imager (ALI) multispectral data in the unmixing modeling. The pros and cons of the object-based MESMA were evaluated. The result illustrates that the object-based MESMA is promising for unmixing the medium-spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery to quantify the urban composition, and it is an attractive alternative to the traditional pixel-based mixture analysis for various applications.     

黄海夏季不同取样网具渔获物组成比较分析

根据 2 0 0 0年夏季双拖渔船和“北斗”号专业调查船对应站位拖网调查资料 ,进行了两种不同取样网具情况下渔获物组成的比较分析 ,结果表明 :渔船的单位扫海面积渔获量、几种重要种类的长度范围、平均个体长度、5 0 %选择长度、重量计优势度均高于“北斗”号 ,而渔获种类数则少于“北斗”号 ,且两者种类组成相似性较低 ,仅为 0 .4 5 8;而且“北斗”号的底层、近底层鱼类和无脊椎类占总渔获量的比例高于渔船 ,这主要是由于渔具的选择作用造成的。结果说明应用渔船针对渔业生产进行的渔业资源监测 ,对带鱼、小黄鱼、鱼等重要生产种类是适合的 ,能够反映其资源量状况 ,但对群落结构、生物多样性等生态系统水平上的研究却存在着明显的不足     

大管岛礁区潮下带大型底栖海藻群落的初步研究

1990年5月和11月对大管岛礁区潮下带大型底栖海藻进行了两次定量调查。共采到23种大型海藻，其群落构成以红藻类占优。海藻种类的区系温度性质属明显的温水性区系。5月份平均生物量为240．939／m2，11月份平均生物量为164．399／m2。两季度月都以岛西侧的D7断面平均生物量最高，分别为820．159／m2和472．509／m2。就垂直分布而言，1—2米水层内海藻分布密度最高，达527．549／m2。优势种为海蒿子和石花菜。     

Gradient responses of epilithic diatom communities in the Baltic Sea proper

Diatom communities and assemblages are widely used as indicators of ecological change in aquatic environments and for reconstructing palaeo-environments. Good calibration data sets, directly linking changes in diatom composition to environmental factors, are needed for building reliable gradient models with high indicative value. Such models have a broad applicability because most diatom species have cosmopolitan distributions. This paper presents community analyses of brackish-water diatoms living on submerged stones in four areas of the Baltic Sea proper along the Swedish coast. The communities on the stones were composed of epilithic, epiphytic, epipelic, epipsammic and occasionally some pelagic species. Altogether, 158 quantitative samples were taken at 41 sites between 23 April and 11 May, 1990, and the data set contained 300 diatom taxa belonging to 75 genera. Species data were analysed with principal components analysis (PCA) and environmental factors were fitted passively by multiple regression analysis on the ordination results. Differences in community composition could be explained by variation in salinity (which was correlated with N:P and Si:P ratios and the occurrence of macroalgae on the stones), nutrient concentrations and variation in exposure to wave action (which was correlated to the occurrence of soft bottoms around the stones, water temperature and the occurrence of sand grains and macroalgae on the stones). Separate analyses for small taxa (cell biovolume <1000 μm³), for large taxa (cell biovolume ≥1000 μm³) and for small and large diatom taxa together showed that diatoms of different size classes respond differently to environmental variation.     

N2 fixation variability in the oligotrophic Sulu Sea, western equatorial Pacific region over the past 83 kyr

N₂ fixation is an important biological process that adds new nitrogen to oceans and plays a key role in modulating the oceanic nitrate inventory. However, it is not known how, when, and where N₂ fixation rates have varied in response to past climate changes. This study presents a new record of nitrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N) over the last 83 kyr from a sediment core (KH02-4 SUP8) taken in the Sulu Sea in the western equatorial Pacific region; data allow the N₂ fixation variability in the sea to be reconstructed. Sediments, sinking, and suspended particulate organic matter (POM) all have lighter isotopic values compared to the δ¹⁵N values of substrate nitrate (av. 5.8‰) in North Pacific Intermediate Water. These lighter δ¹⁵N values are regarded as reflecting N₂ fixation in the Sulu Sea surface water. A δ¹⁵N mass balance model shows that N₂ fixation rates were significantly enhanced during 54–34 kyr in MIS-3 and MIS-2. It has been speculated that higher interglacial denitrification rates in the Arabian Sea and the eastern tropical Pacific would have markedly decreased the global oceanic N inventory and contributed to the increase in N₂ fixation in oligotrophic regions, but such a model was not revealed by our study. It is possible that changes in N₂ fixation rates in the Sulu Sea were regional response, and accumulation of phosphate in the surface waters due to enhanced monsoon-driven mixing is thought to have stimulated enhancements of N₂ fixation during MIS-3 and MIS-2.     

The Gambia River estuary: A reference point for estuarine fish assemblages studies in West Africa

The Gambia River is one of the last aquatic ecosystems in West Africa that has not yet been affected by strong environmental changes and human disturbances. In contrast to the neighbouring Casamance and Sine Saloum estuaries, the Gambia estuary is free of major climatic perturbation and remains a “normal” estuary, with a salinity range from freshwater to 39. The present paper aims to study the spatial and seasonal variability of fish assemblages in this estuary in terms of bio-ecological categories and of their relation with some environmental variables. Four surveys were conducted, from June 2001 to April 2002, in order to cover the major hydroclimatic events, at 44 sampling sites along the lower, intermediate and upper zones of the Gambia estuary (up to 220 km). Fish assemblages were sampled using a purse seine net, fish were identified to species level and environmental variables such as water depth, transparency, salinity, temperature and percentage oxygen saturation were measured. The main spatial structure of the fish assemblages and its seasonal changes were first studied using the STATIS-CoA multitable method. The combination of fish assemblages and environmental variables was then analysed using the STATICO method, designed for the simultaneous analysis of paired ecological tables. A total of 67 species were observed, belonging to all bio-ecological categories characterizing West African estuaries. The marine component of the community was largely dominant throughout the estuary, while the freshwater component was permanently observed only in the upstream zone. The main spatial structure was a longitudinal gradient contrasting marine and freshwater affinity assemblages, with strong seasonal variations. The most complete gradient was observed in December, at the beginning of the dry and cool season, while in June, at the end of the dry and warm season, there was the least structured gradient. The role of salinity, always correlated with temperature, was emphasized, while turbidity appeared to be another important factor. Oxygen and depth did not play a major role at the estuary scale. The relative importance of the bio-ecological categories varied according to the season and the distance to sea. Stable fish assemblages were observed in the lower zone at the end of the dry season, in the upper zone during the flood and in the middle zone throughout the year. In some situations, a relative inadequacy between fish assemblages and their environment was noticed. The present study contributes to the definition of the functioning of a “normal” West African estuary, the Gambia estuary, with balanced effects of marine and freshwater influences and the presence of all bio-ecological categories. The Gambia estuary can therefore be considered to be a reference ecosystem for further comparisons with other tropical estuarine ecosystems, subjected to natural or artificial perturbations.     

贻贝保健食品的研究

作者运用营养学中的互补及平衡原理,以贻贝为主要开发利用对象,研制出贻贝保健食品——东海三豪口服液等。工艺研究重点解决各海珍原料中活性物质的分离、营养物质利用度优化及产品基料的脱腥脱色技术等,效果理想。制成品分析表明,贻贝保健食品确属高营养、高生物活性(生物试验结果见另文)的双功能食品,并保持了鲜明的海洋食品特色。     

Resource Competition and Selective Grazing of Plankton in a Multispecies Pelagic Food Web Model*

Abstract. An idealized mathematical, multispecies model of the pelagic foodweb was used to explore the impact of resource competition, selective grazing, and species composition within each trophic level on the structure and functioning of a foodweb at a variety of light irradiance and nutrient levels. This concept is based on the general assumption that poorly edible species are poor competitors. The concept demonstrates that with increasing eutrophication, specialists in competition will be replaced by generalists and subsequently by poorly edible primary producers. Controlling factors not only determine the growth rate of primary producers but also select predators according to their ability to utilize the energy fixation of the system. Plankton community structure seems to adapt in such a way that the energy fixation rate of the system is optimized at a given set of nutrients and light. Red tides, dense algal blooms in shallow lakes and the varying results of biomanipulation in shallow lakes, can be explained by the concept of selective grazing. If this assumption is correct, the same ecosystem concept may be applicable for terrestrial ecosystems.     

黄河口毗邻渤海陆架区悬浮体成分

扫描电镜配合能谱分析、X射线衍射及光学显微镜分析表明,黄河口毗邻的渤海陆架区悬浮体主要由矿物、浮游生物和有机包膜三类成分组成。在悬浮体中鉴别出23种矿物,主要是石英、长石、云母、方解石和粘土矿物(依次为伊利石、蒙皂石、绿泥石和高岭石),特征矿物是云母、方解石、蒙皂石和角闪石。辨识出21种藻类,大多数是硅藻,少数为钙藻和鞭毛藻。生物成分主要集中在水体上层。首次在渤海悬浮体中发现了有机包膜。并讨论了悬浮体成因及其沉积作用。