Yerranderie a Late Devonian Silver–Gold–Lead Intermediate Sulfidation Epithermal District, Eastern Lachlan Orogen, New South Wales, Australia

Felsic volcanic units of the Early Devonian Bindook Volcanic Complex host the Yerranderie epithermal silver–gold–lead district 94 km west–southwest of Sydney. Mineralization in the district forms part of a fault‐controlled, intermediate sulfidation, epithermal silver–gold–base metal vein system that has significant mineral and alteration zonation. Stage 1 of the mineral paragenesis in the veins developed quartz and carbonate with early pyrite, whereas stage 2 is a crustiform banded quartz–pyrite–arsenopyrite assemblage. Stage 3, the main stage of sulfide deposition, comprises early sphalerite, followed by a tetrahedrite–tennantite–gold assemblage, then a galena–chalcopyrite–native silver–pyrite assemblage, and finally a pyrargyrite–polybasite–pearceite assemblage. Stage 4 involves the deposition of quartz veins with minor (late) pyrite and stage 5 is characterized by siderite that infilled remaining voids. Mineral zonation occurs along the Yerranderie Fault, with bornite being restricted to the Colon Peaks–Silver Peak mine area, whereas arsenopyrite, which is present in both the Colon Peaks–Silver Peak and Wollondilly mine areas, is absent in other lodes along the Yerranderie Fault. The Yerranderie Fault, which hosts the major lodes, is surrounded by a zoned alteration system. With increasing proximity to the fault the intensity of alteration increases and the alteration assemblage changes from an outer quartz–muscovite–illite–(ankerite) assemblage to a quartz–illite–(pyrite–carbonate) assemblage within meters of the fault. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of muscovite from the alteration zone gave a 372.1 ± 1.9 Ma (Late Devonian) age, which is interpreted to be the timing of the quartz–sulfide vein formation. Sulfur isotope values for sulfides range from 0.1 to 6.2‰ with one outlier of ?5.6 δ³⁴S‰. The results indicate that the initial ore‐forming fluids were reduced, and that sulfur was probably sourced from a magmatic reservoir, either as a direct magmatic contribution or indirectly through dissolution and recycling of sulfur from the host volcanic sequence. The sulfur isotope data suggest the system is isotopically zoned.     

Numerical Modeling of the Coupled Mechanical and Hydrological Processes during Deformation and Mineralization in the Mount Isa Block, Australia

Mount Isa is a major Australian and world Pb‐Zn‐Ag mineral province. The wide varieties of mineralization in the province are believed to be closely related to the geodynamic processes of Isan Orogeny, which occurred between ca 1500 and 1620 Ma. In order to understand the geodynamic processes associated with the Isan Orogeny and the giant mineralization systems in the Mount Isa district, a series of numerical models has been constructed to simulate coupled mechanical–hydrological processes, using Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC), a finite difference computer code. The numerical modeling results have demonstrated that the most probable far‐field stress orientation during the Isan Orogeny is the asymmetrical E–W shortening, which led to greater easternward tectonic movement at the west boundary of the district in comparison with westward movement at the east boundary. During the initial and early stage of the Isan Orogeny, the mechanical and hydrological conditions in the Leichardt Fault Trough of the West Fold Belt are much more favorable for fluid accumulation and mineralization than in the East Fold Belt. The Mount Isan fault zone developed as a high dilation shear zone where the fluids were focused. As the asymmetrical shortening progressed, shortening deformation and shear strain localization became intensified in the eastern part of the orogenic district. The eastern region therefore became a more favorable locality for hydrothermal mineralization. This structural development feature seems to explain why mineralization in the East Fold Belt is generally later than in the West Fold Belt. Fluid production from the Williams–Naraku granites could result in fluid over‐pressuring, and this probably contributed to the extensive brecciation and related mineralization in the East Fold Belt.     

德兴金山金矿田不同尺度构造特征及其与成矿作用的关系

德兴市金山金矿田是与赣东北深大断裂带内次一级剪切带有关的中温热液矿床。其矿石类型主要由与断裂充填有关的小尺度石英脉组成，这些石英脉主要呈纹层状。不同尺度的构造研究表明，金山金矿是同构造的产物，递进变形作用与成矿作用密切相关，在成矿过程中，普遍发育压溶作用，导致早期的石英颗粒发生溶解以及形成黄铁矿压力影。金山金矿蚀变硫化物以黄铁矿为主，说明成矿流体中硫主要以H2S和HS-形式存在。断层阀机制引起压力波动，进而导致成矿流体的相分离和水—岩反应，是金山金矿的主要成矿机制。     

江西邹家山铀矿绿泥石形成温度及其成矿关系

本文采用电子探针分析技术，对产于邹家山火山岩型铀矿床深部的绿泥石进行蚀变特征、化学组成、形成环境研究，并初步探讨该矿床中的绿泥石的形成环境与铀矿化关系。指出绿泥石的形成温度为217.64-295.30℃。矿脉中与铀矿物共生的绿泥石主要是鲕绿泥石，而围岩中则是蠕绿泥石和铁镁绿泥石。含矿溶液沉淀时是一个还原环境，绿泥石不仅活化了火山岩中的铀，还为铀矿化提供了良好的沉淀环境。     

Multiphase origin of the Cu–Co ore deposits in the western part of the Lufilian fold-and-thrust belt, Katanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)

A multiphase origin of the Cu–Co ores in the western part of the Lufilian fold-and-thrust belt in Central Africa is proposed based on literature, satellite image interpretations and petrographic and fluid inclusion analyses on samples from the stratiform mineralization of Kamoto and Musonoi (DR Congo). The various mineral occurrences in the Katanga Copperbelt can be classified in distinct categories: stratiform, supergene enrichment and vein-type. The stratiform mineralization form the largest group and can be found mainly in Lower Roan (R-2) rocks, which can be identified as ridges on satellite imagery. Ore deposits outside the R-2 occur along lineaments and result often from supergene enrichment.The main phase of the stratiform mineralization in the Katanga Copperbelt occurred during diagenesis preceding the Lufilian orogeny. Petrographic observation identified various mineralizing phases, which played a role in the formation of these stratiform mineralization. Mineralization started during early diagenesis, but mainly occurred during further burial. After the formation of early diagenetic pyrite, the circulation of diagenetic Cu–Co-rich fluids resulted in the formation of the main mineralization. Preliminary microthermometric investigation of primary inclusions in authigenic quartz, associated with the main stage of stratiform mineralization, indicates that an H₂O–NaCl fluid with a minimum temperature between 80 and 195 °C and a salinity between 8.4 and 18.4 eq. wt% NaCl circulated during the main phase of mineralization.Numerous faults and fractures formed during the Lufilian orogeny cut the stratiform mineralization. They are, however, at Kamoto and Musonoi only associated with minor sulphides. Supergene alteration along faults and fractures resulted in an enrichment of the mineralization, with the formation of secondary Cu-oxides, -carbonates and -silicates.The importance of the interaction of various processes for the formation of economic Cu–Co ore deposits is confirmed by the straightforward relationship on satellite imagery between the location of economic mineral occurrences and faults, which acted as pathway for descending waters that caused the supergene enrichment and upgrading of the primary mineralization.     

华南中生代花岗岩型、火山岩型、外接触带型铀矿找矿思路（I）

华南中生代铀成矿作有处于中国东部燕山期强烈火山岩浆作用、壳幔作用及流体作用时期,铀具有大规模聚集成矿的前景。因此,中生代花岗岩型、火山岩型、外接触带型铀矿找矿必须引进深源成矿理论,淡化“浅成低温活化成矿理论”,充分认识铀矿既可形成于浅源浅成条件,也能形成于深源深成高温条件及深源浅成中温条件的特点,重视早阶段（130－95Ma）铀矿化,打破以主岩类型找矿的人为界限,加强白垩纪岩浆岩体系的研究。     

人工晶体(Bi38CrO60)--驾鹿矿在自然界的首次发现及矿物成因和地质意义

1983年, ZhitomirsKii等人在实验室条件下合成了四方晶体Bi16CrO27和立方晶体Bi38CrO60.它们在自然界首次发现于中国陕西省洛南县驾鹿金矿床中,分别被命名为铬铋矿(Bi16.006Cr0.997O27)和驾鹿矿(Bi38.008Cr0.996O60).驾鹿矿较铬铋矿形成较晚,其共生、伴生矿物有黄铜矿、自然金、碲金矿、含氧金矿物、石英等.常呈不规则粒状集合体,偶见＜0.05 mm立方体微晶,棕黑色,金属光泽;平均维克硬度Hv=232.78 kg/mm2 ,平均摩氏硬度Hm=4.15;实测密度D=14.10(3) g/cm3,计算密度Dx=14.08(2) g/cm3,折射率n=3.14(3).采用2种电子探针进行波谱定量分析的成分及计算的化学式分别是①EPM8100分析的结果w(Bi2O3)为98.854%、w(CrO3)为1.111%,总和为99.965%;化学式为Bi38.009Cr0.995O60;②CAMEBAX-SX51分析的结果w(Bi2O3)为98.862%,w(CrO2)为1.112%,总和为99.974%;化学式为Bi38.008Cr0.996O60.均可写为Bi38CrO60.2种仪器测定的结果非常接近,说明所测定的化学成分和计算的化学式是十分可靠的.X-射线粉晶分析主要强线d(I)(hkl)分别为0.3215(100),(310); 0.27211(72),(321); 0.17145(40),(530); 0.1696(30), (600);0.1651(30),(611);0.1608(30),(620);0.29411(25),(222);0.3596(22),(220);0.2171(20),(332);0.1503(20),(631);0.1996(18),(510);0.2401(13),(330);0.2275(13),(420);0.1217(12),(653);0.1184(12),(750);0.1858(10),(521)等轴晶系,可能的空间群为Im3m;a=1.0181(1) nm,c/a=1,晶胞体积V=1.05529(1) nm3,Z=1.1-Kp/Kc=0.019.Cr+6,Bi+3,O-2.驾鹿矿和人工晶体(Bi38CrO60)在化学成分、X-射线粉晶数据基本一致,充分证明了驾鹿矿是人工晶体(Bi38CrO60)在自然界的首次发现.新矿物--铬铋矿及驾鹿矿是在碱性高温热液条件下形成的,受体系组份浓度的影响,特别是Cr+6的影响,驾鹿矿的形成稍晚于铬铋矿.Bi在金矿物中含量较高,因此铬铋矿及驾鹿矿的发现和研究对该金矿床找矿和研究有着重要的理论和实际意义.     

内蒙古西胡里吐盆地有机质特征及其与铀矿化的关系

在砂岩型铀矿床中 ,有机质与铀矿化之间有着较为密切的关系。西胡里吐盆地的有机质主要是以松柏类和蕨类等高等植物残体为母质的腐殖型有机质。通过镜质体反射率、有机质碎屑的颜色、粘土矿物X 衍射和古地温恢复等分析测试发现 ,有机质的成熟度较低 ,处于未成熟—低成熟早期阶段。有机质的类型和成熟度决定了其在热演化中产生了大量腐殖酸并保存在地层中。褐煤、腐殖酸、残余植物碎屑和地沥青等是现存有机质的主要类型。除大量产出的煤层外 ,有机质主要呈碎屑状和细分散状分布于地层之中。 70 %的岩石中有机质的丰度在 0 1 %～ 3 % ,对铀矿化的形成较为有利。铀与有机质的紧密共生以及二者之间的正相关性 ,表明了有机质在西胡里吐盆地铀矿化形成中所起的重要作用。有机质中的腐殖酸与铀矿化的关系最为密切 ,有机粘土复合体、蚀变岩屑、植物碎屑和地沥青等吸附剂对铀的吸附均与腐殖酸有关。腐殖酸吸附铀后可以将铀还原 ,还可以与铀酰离子等进行络 (鳌 )合形成铀酰腐殖酸盐 ,并最终引起铀的沉淀富集。     

河南省嵩县大坪银-铅-锌多金属矿床地质特征及找矿标志

通过工作实践认为，大坪银-铅-锌多金属矿床是火山喷流沉积一后期热液叠加改造富集的块状硫化物多金属矿床。区域上NWW-SEE向晚元古-早古生代形成的裂谷型二郎坪蛇绿岩套是本区找矿的最佳区段，具四个含矿层位。矿化、矿石、矿物、元素等成矿作用要素具明显分带特征，并与火山作用及喷流作用有关。区域构造、同生断裂及岩浆作用为重要控矿条件，而硫化物层、重晶石层、硅质岩是银-铅-锌矿床的重要找矿标志。