Integrating Cavity Absorption Meter measurements of dissolved substances and suspended particles in ocean water

We have developed a new device to measure the separate contributions to the spectral absorption coefficient due to a pure liquid, due to the particles suspended in it, and due to the substances dissolved in it. This device, the Integrating Cavity Absorption Meter (ICAM), is essentially independent of scattering effects in the sample. In April 1993, a prototype of the ICAM was field tested on board the research vessel USNS Bartlett. A major part of the cruise track included criss-crossing the area where the Mississippi flows into the Gulf of Mexico at various ranges from the mouth of the river; thus samples were collected from areas of blue, green, and brown/black water. We evaluated 35 seawater samples collected with 5-l Niskin bottles from 22 locations to determine absorption spectra (380–700 nm) of suspended particles and dissolved substances (gelbstoff). Results validate the ICAM as a viable tool for marine optical absorption research. Gelbstoff absorption at 432.5 nm ranged from 0.024 to 0.603 m⁻¹. Over the spectral region 380→560 nm, gelbstoff absorption by each of the samples could be accurately fit to a decaying exponential. The particle absorption spectra are generally characteristic of those of phytoplankton and exhibit a local maximum at 430–440 nm. Absorption values at 432.5 nm ranged from zero to 1.0 m⁻¹. Some samples with moderate particulate absorption, however, did not show the characteristic local maximum of phytoplankton in the blue and instead resembled the characteristic decaying exponential of detritus with a shape similar to that observed in the gelbstoff. The ratio of gelbstoff to particulate absorption at 432.5 nm ranged from 0.46 to 152.     

Investigation of water signatures at gully-exposed sites on Mars by hyperspectral image analysis

High-resolution images from the Mars Obiter Camera (MOC) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) show a variety of gully features on sloped surfaces of Mars. The mechanism of gully formation is still under debate, although a majority of studies tend to favor a mechanism related to liquid water flow based on geomorphology and fluid mechanics considerations. In this study, we examined four known gully sites using Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) imagery. In particular, we analyzed the absorption depths of the water-associated absorption bands and concluded that there are stronger water signatures at the gully-exposed sites than in the surrounding areas. This implies that the water signatures, most likely representing water ice, isolated water molecules, and/or hydroxyl molecules incorporated into minerals, are still present in the shallow unconsolidated soils. This study provides additional evidence that water was likely involved in the formation of the gully features and is still locally active on the Martian surface in the present time.     

原子吸收光谱法及其应用

综述了原子吸收光谱法的原理、测定技术、特点、联用、进展及其在各个领域中的应用。     

利用原子荧光光谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究济南市大气干湿沉降重金属含量及年沉降通量特征

大气降尘是地表土壤重金属元素的重要来源,研究大气降尘中重金属元素的地球化学特征并进行源解析对制定污染防控政策具有重要的指导作用。本文采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、X射线荧光光谱法分析济南市大气干湿沉降中8种重金属(砷镉铬铜汞镍铅锌)含量特征;采用相关分析及主成分分析方法对大气干湿沉降重金属进行源解析。结果表明,大气干湿沉降物中镉铬铜汞镍铅锌平均含量分别为2.07 mg/kg、135.9 mg/kg、65.7 mg/kg、218.6μg/kg、110.7 mg/kg、380 mg/kg,显著高于土壤背景值,且富集程度高,明显受人为活动污染。镉铜汞铅主要来源于燃煤,砷铬来源于道路尘,镍来源于土壤,锌来源于交通尘;燃煤和道路尘对大气降尘的贡献率为50.13%,两者是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源。大气干湿沉降对城区表层土壤中镉汞铬铅锌及砷的含量水平影响显著,其中锌年沉降通量最高(均值148 mg·m-2·a-1),汞年沉降通量最低(均值0.085 mg·m-2·a-1),且镉汞含量增长速率较高;大气干湿沉降对砷铬在土壤中的累积影响显著。     

用太阳及天光光度计进行大气臭氧探测

在紫外光谱区，大气臭氧有较丰富的吸收带结构。作者用自制的太阳及天光光度计测量直射阳光、直射月光和曙暮光的紫外吸收光谱，并用带吸收法计算臭氧垂直柱总量及斜程含量。文中介绍了观测和计算方法，并给出北京地区晴朗天气条件下观测的初步结果。     

青藏高原北部的大气加热场特征

利用五道梁1994－1997年的实际观测资料，结合一些经验计算公式计算得到了1994－1997年青藏高原北部地区的大气加热场强度。结果表明，从4年平均情况来看，高原北部地区4－8月大气加热场为热源，10月－2月为冷源，3月和9月为转换时期；就年平均大气加热场强度年际变化来看，1994年和1995年为大气冷源，1996年和1997年则为大气热源；高原北部的大气加热场强度的年际变化主由地面感热输送的年际变化所决定。     

ICP-MS测定蔬菜样品中重金属元素的两种微波消解前处理方法

微波消解法是处理生物样品的主要技术,但存在处理效率不高等问题还有待进一步研究。本文采用高压低通量(12位)和低压高通量(41位)微波消解法对蔬菜样品进行前处理,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定砷、镉、铬、铜、镍、铅和锌,氢化物发生-冷原子荧光光谱法(HG-CAFS)测定汞。采用两种前处理方法消解标准物质GBW 10010(大米)和GBW 10014(圆白菜),ICP-MS的测定值与标准值基本吻合,全流程加标回收率为91.5%~103.8%;用于测定GBW 10010和GBW 10014,因GBW 10010中铬、铅、砷,GBW 10014中砷的含量较低,测定值与标准值的相对误差较大;其余元素的测定值与标准值基本相符,表明两种前处理方法均能满足分析要求。但在保证测定结果质量的前提下,低压高通量微波消解处理样品,试剂用量少,单次样品处理量大,更加适合大批量生物样品的前处理。     

QPOG技术及其应用研究

研究了地震资料的现场处理技术－－QPOG（Quickly Predicting Oil and Gas），提出利用QPOG技术右以在地震勘探中快速有效地进行油气预测，并给出了有井区和无进区的两种预测方法；有井区以人工神经网络、模糊相似优先比等方法为主，无井区以分形、混沌、突变等理论方法为主，通过对具体研究区的实际预测，证明了方法的实用性。     

泡塑富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定痕量金

介绍在Fe3 存在下,用泡沫塑料分离富集,以抗坏血酸和硝酸铵为基体改进剂,采用斜坡升温和长寿命石墨管技术进行化探样品中痕量金的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定方法。该方法已应用于化探样品中金的分析工作中,取得了令人满意的结果。     

电磁波CT技术在水利工程病害防治中的应用研究

使用新技术新方法,改善和提高探测技术和水平,是改善和提高水利工程病害预防治理效果的重要条件。以福建省xx水库渗漏病害治理为例,使用电磁波吸收CT技术,探测确定了大坝渗漏的位置、埋深范围及空间展布状态。为水库大坝灌浆防渗加固处理提供了关键依据,取得了良好的预期效果,是电磁波CT技术在水利工程病害防治中应用的成功实例。为电磁波CT技术与理论的进一步深人研究及其在各类工程勘测中的推广应用积累了资料和提供了实践经验。