An Atomic Force Microscopy Study on ＂Barkinite" Liptobiolith

利用原子力显微镜观察了树皮煤中两种主要显微组分树皮体和镜质体表面纳米结构特征,揭示了镜质组镜质体大分子团具有网状结构的特征,而类脂组树皮体大分子用具有纤维状、颗粒状和网络状排列结构,随演化程度的提高,树皮体大分子团结构的演化依次表现为纤维状→粒状→不规则网状→网状结构,镜质体则由结构松散的网状结构向高度定向排列的规则网状结构演化.利用AFM的横切面分析工具定量分析了显微组分表面的大分子结构排列,为显微组分分子结构演化和成烃机理研究提供了重要的科学依据.     

Application of Tracer Experiments to Predict Leakage Channel-An Example of a Power Plant in Zhen'An

Many water conservancy and hydropower projects are located in karst areas of which complicated structure would cause significant risks to water conservancy and hydropower projects, so identifying the presence or absence of pipeline leaks is one of important basic conditions for water conservancy and hydropower project. Determining the existence of leakage channels has important applications tracer diffusion of water tracer experiment, this paper is the experimental investigation of tracer leakage passage of a hydropower station in West China, determining the existence of leakage passage can be worked through experimental investigation on part of the left abutment of the hydropower predict leakage passage to     

疏水性螯合物固相萃取-原子吸收光谱法测定海水中5种重金属

海水重金属的含量变化与分布特征受海洋中生物地球化学过程控制。海水重金属测定的难点在于海水盐度高且重金属含量低,需要进行分离、富集等样品前处理。常规前处理方法如溶剂萃取样品量大、操作繁琐,使用大量有机溶剂,对环境和操作者危害大;共沉淀法容易造成污染。本研究以吡咯烷基二硫代甲酸铵和二乙氨基二硫代甲酸钠为螯合剂,采用商品化的固相萃取柱,分离海水中的镉、铜、铅、镍和锌5种重金属,原子吸收光谱法测定其含量。结果表明:5种元素工作曲线的相关性较好(R0.999),镉锌的线性范围分别为0~4!g/L和0~100!g/L,铅铜镍的线性范围为0~40!g/L;检出限(!g/L)分别为0.02、2.6、0.06、0.18、0.3,方法精密度高(RSD5%),加标回收率为93.8%~104%。本方法利用疏水性作用的固相萃取技术,实现了海水分析的绿色样品前处理。     

Novel Polymeric Resin for Solid Phase Extraction and Determination of Lead in Waters

Interest in preconcentration techniques for the determination of metals at ultratrace levels still continues increasingly because of some disadvantages of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry and the high costs of other sensitive methods in compared to flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Among preconcentration techniques, solid‐phase extraction is the most popular because of a number of advantages. In this work, thiol‐containing sulfonamide resin was synthesized, characterized, and applied as a new sorption material for solid phase extraction and determination of lead in natural water samples. The optimization of experimental conditions was performed using the parameters including pH, contact time, and volumes of initial and elution solutions. After preconcentration procedure, FAAS was used for determinations. The synthesized resin exhibits the superiority in compared to the other adsorption reagents because of the fact that there is no necessity of any complexing reagent as well as high sorption capacity. Consequently, 280‐fold improvement in the sensitivity of analytical scheme was achieved by combining the slotted tube atom trap‐atomic absorption spectrometry (STAT‐FAAS) and the developed preconcentration method. The limit of detection was found to be 0.15 ng mL^?1. The Pb²⁺ concentrations in the studied water samples were found to be in the range of 0.9–6.7 ng mL^?1.     

青藏高原北部的大气加热场特征

利用五道梁1994－1997年的实际观测资料，结合一些经验计算公式计算得到了1994－1997年青藏高原北部地区的大气加热场强度。结果表明，从4年平均情况来看，高原北部地区4－8月大气加热场为热源，10月－2月为冷源，3月和9月为转换时期；就年平均大气加热场强度年际变化来看，1994年和1995年为大气冷源，1996年和1997年则为大气热源；高原北部的大气加热场强度的年际变化主由地面感热输送的年际变化所决定。     

利用原子荧光光谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究济南市大气干湿沉降重金属含量及年沉降通量特征

大气降尘是地表土壤重金属元素的重要来源,研究大气降尘中重金属元素的地球化学特征并进行源解析对制定污染防控政策具有重要的指导作用。本文采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、X射线荧光光谱法分析济南市大气干湿沉降中8种重金属(砷镉铬铜汞镍铅锌)含量特征;采用相关分析及主成分分析方法对大气干湿沉降重金属进行源解析。结果表明,大气干湿沉降物中镉铬铜汞镍铅锌平均含量分别为2.07 mg/kg、135.9 mg/kg、65.7 mg/kg、218.6μg/kg、110.7 mg/kg、380 mg/kg,显著高于土壤背景值,且富集程度高,明显受人为活动污染。镉铜汞铅主要来源于燃煤,砷铬来源于道路尘,镍来源于土壤,锌来源于交通尘;燃煤和道路尘对大气降尘的贡献率为50.13%,两者是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源。大气干湿沉降对城区表层土壤中镉汞铬铅锌及砷的含量水平影响显著,其中锌年沉降通量最高(均值148 mg·m-2·a-1),汞年沉降通量最低(均值0.085 mg·m-2·a-1),且镉汞含量增长速率较高;大气干湿沉降对砷铬在土壤中的累积影响显著。     

Timescales of interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation reactions on carbonates

In the Earth's upper crust, where aqueous fluids can circulate freely, most mineral transformations are controlled by the coupling between the dissolution of a mineral that releases chemical species into the fluid and precipitation of new minerals that contain some of the released species in their crystal structure, the coupled process being driven by a reduction of the total free-energy of the system. Such coupled dissolution-precipitation processes occur at the fluid-mineral interface where the chemical gradients are highest and heterogeneous nucleation can be promoted, therefore controlling the growth kinetics of the new minerals. Time-lapse nanoscale imaging using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) can monitor the whole coupled process under in situ conditions and allow identifying the time scales involved and the controlling parameters. We have performed a series of experiments on carbonate minerals (calcite, siderite, dolomite and magnesite) where dissolution of the carbonate and precipitation of a new mineral was imaged and followed through time. In the presence of various species in the reacting fluid (e. g. antimony, selenium, arsenic, phosphate), the calcium released during calcite dissolution binds with these species to form new minerals that sequester these hazardous species in the form of a stable solid phase. For siderite, the coupling involves the release of Fe²⁺ ions that subsequently become oxidized and then precipitate in the form of Fe^III oxyhydroxides. For dolomite and magnesite, dissolution in the presence of pure water (undersaturated with any possible phase) results in the immediate precipitation of hydrated Mg-carbonate phases. In all these systems, dissolution and precipitation are coupled and occur directly in a boundary layer at the carbonate surface. Scaling arguments demonstrate that the thickness of this boundary layer is controlled by the rate of carbonate dissolution, the equilibrium concentration of the precipitates and the kinetics of diffusion of species in a boundary layer. From these parameters a characteristic time scale and a characteristic length scale of the boundary layer can be derived. This boundary layer grows with time and never reaches a steady state thickness as long as dissolution of the carbonate is faster than precipitation of the new mineral. At ambient temperature, the surface reactions of these dissolving carbonates occur on time-scales of the order of seconds to minutes, indicating the rapid surface rearrangement of carbonates in the presence of aqueous fluids. As a consequence, many carbonate-fluid reactions in low temperature environments are controlled by local thermodynamic equilibria rather than by the global equilibrium in the whole system.     

Mechanism of Na and K Substitutions in Bioapatite Within Salty Area

正Introduction Na and K are two most important cations in salty water,and also are two typical ions in animals’body fluids.The mineral,bioapatite,is a form of carbonated hydroxylapatite,which makes up over 50 wt.%of bones     

交流电弧直读发射光谱法测定地球化学样品中银、硼、锡、钼、铅的方法研究

本文建立了交流电弧直读原子发射光谱法测定地球化学样品中银、硼、锡、钼、铅的分析方法。以K2S2O7、NaF、Al2O3、碳粉为缓冲剂,Ge为内标,优选了分析线对,曝光时间为25s,同时扣除分析线和内标线背景。选取国家一级地球化学标准物质（GBW07103、GBW07104、GBW07107、GBW07312、GBW07302a、GBW07304a、GBW07305a、GBW07307a、GBW07406、GBW07446、GBW07454、GBW07456）作为标准系列,以对数坐标二次曲线拟合标准曲线,并采取两次平行分析取平均值的计算方法。方法检出限为:Ag:0011×10-6、B:054×10-6、Sn:019×10-6、Mo:0034×10-6、Pb:066×10-6,精密度为:Ag:401%～833%、B:377%～786%、Sn:294%～817%、Mo:303%～1094%、Pb:201%～1111%。经岩石、水系沉积物、土壤国家一级标准物质验证,测定值与认定值符合。本方法操作简便、工作效率高,是一种新的测定地球化学样品中银、硼、锡、钼、铅的分析方法,可推广应用于大批量地球化学样品的分析测试。     

泡塑富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定痕量金

介绍在Fe3 存在下,用泡沫塑料分离富集,以抗坏血酸和硝酸铵为基体改进剂,采用斜坡升温和长寿命石墨管技术进行化探样品中痕量金的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定方法。该方法已应用于化探样品中金的分析工作中,取得了令人满意的结果。