The Impact of Mid- and High-Latitude Rossby Wave Activities on the Medium-Range Evolution of the EAP Pattern During the Pre-Rainy Period of South China

Based on the NCEP DOE AMIP II daily reanalysis data (1979{2005), the evolution of the East Asia/Pacific(EAP) teleconnection pattern during the pre-rainy period of South China is studied on the medium-range time scale. It is found that positive and negative EAP patterns share a similar generation process. In the middle and upper troposphere, Rossby wave packets emanating from the northeast Atlantic or Europe propagate toward East Asia along the Eurasian continent waveguide and finally give rise to the three anomaly centers of the EAP pattern over East Asia. Among the three anomaly centers, the western Pacific subtropical center appears the latest. Rossby wave packets propagate from the high latitude anomaly center toward the mid-latitude and the subtropical ones. The enhancement and maintenance of the subtropical anomaly center is closely associated with the subtropical jet waveguide and the incoming Rossby wave packets from the upstream. In the lower troposphere, Rossby wave packets emanate from the subtropical Asia toward East Asia. Positive and negative EAP patterns could not be regarded as "mirrors" to each other with simply re- versed phase. For the positive pattern, the positive height anomaly center around the Scandinavia Peninsula keeps its strength and position during the mature period, and the Rossby wave packets thus propagate persistently toward East Asia, facilitating a longer mature time of the positive pattern. As for the formation of the negative EAP pattern, however, the incoming Rossby wave energy from the upstream contributes to both the enhancement and southeastward movement of the negative anomaly belt from the Yenisei River to the Bering Strait and the positive anomaly center around Mongolia. At the peak time, the two anomlous circulations are evolved into the Northeast Asia and the mid-latitude anomaly centers of the negative pattern, respectively. The energy dispersion of Rossby wave packets is relatively fast due to the predominant zonal circulation in the extratropics, causing a shorter mature period of the negative pattern. During the pre-rainy period of South China, the prevalence of the EAP pattern signiˉcantly affects the rainfall over the region south of the Yangtze River. The positive (negative) EAP pattern tends to causepositive (negative) precipitation anomalies in that region. This is di?erent from the earlier research findingsbased on monthly mean data.     

青藏高原春季土壤湿度异常与我国夏季降水的联系

利用 197-2014年 GLDAS-CLM(Global Land Data Assimilation System-the Community Land Mod-el)地表参量数据集、中国区域逐日观测资料格点化数据集(CN05.1)和ERA-nterim大气环流再分析数据,研究青藏高原5月(春季)土壤湿度的异常变化...     

降水检验方案变化对降水检验评估效果的影响分析

为了实现对中尺度模式降水预报产品的合理化统计检验,在我国现有观测系统条件下,研究了24小时加密降水观测实况对降水统计检验评分的影响。过去的标准检验系统观测站为400站,分为9个区,目前业务试运行的加密检验系统采用的观测站为2510站,分为33个区。同时对国外常用的统计检验量ETS评分进行了初步的研究。通过对2005年7—8月我国近年来引进或自主发展的T213L31、HLAFS25、MM5、MESO-GRAPES60km和30km模式,WRF20km模式,以及日本及德国的全球模式的降水预报产品的统计学检验,主要得到如下结论:(1)加密检验系统和标准检验系统在站点分布和分区形式上有较大的差别,新旧检验系统对各模式和预报员全国降水预报的评估结论在大雨以下各级降水评估方面差别不大,结论基本相似,除中雨预报外,加密系统的TS评分均略低于标准检验的结果。暴雨以上评分的差别较大,其中部分模式的两个检验系统的预报偏差差别很大,说明暴雨以上的天气系统多为中小尺度系统,其发生的频率在加密系统中的反映可能更合理一些。(2)新的检验量ETS,对于全国这样较大的检验分区而言,大雨以下各级降水评分在量值上要小于TS评分,暴雨以上则比较接近,但其在多模式对比检验中所得的排序结论与TS和技巧评分相近,部分小雨空报较多的模式的评分有较大差别。(3)无论是加密检验,还是标准检验,各级降水检验中表现最好的模式是相同的。(4)分区相同、预报种类不同时,加密检验与标准检验的差别不同。对T213模式而言,两者在暴雨和大暴雨的预报偏差上的差别更显著一些,部分分区检验结论相反。而对预报员的预报而言,差别并不显著,检验结论一致。     

The influence of geomorphological position and vegetation cover on the erosional and hydrological processes on a Mediterranean hillslope

Soil erosion and runoff rates are assumed to be highly dependent on slope position. However, little knowledge exists about the hydrogeomorphological processes at the pedon scale that support this idea. In order to assess the hydrological and erosional behaviour of soils at different slope positions, simulated rainfall experiments (55 mm was applied during one hour) were carried out on a south-facing slope with underlying limestone in south-east Spain. In the mean terms, the erosion rates (9 g m² hr⁻¹) and the runoff coefficients (12%) were very low at the scale of measurement (0·25 m²). The slope position does not affect erosion rates when the measurements are carried out under extreme dry conditions during summer. The low runoff rates found in summer under thunderstorms of high intensity (5 year return period) and the runon into surfaces with higher infiltration rates resulted in no detectable direct surface runoff (Hortonian) at the slope scale. This implies that erosion as a consequence of surface overland flow will only take place during events of high magnitude (55 mm hr⁻¹) and low frequency (>5 years). Vegetation is the most important factor determining the soil erosion and runoff rates within the slope. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1958-2016年呼伦贝尔草原新巴尔虎右旗气温和降水变化特征

气候变化是影响草原区植被与环境状况的重要因素。利用呼伦贝尔草原新巴尔虎右旗1958-2016年的气温和降水数据资料,采用线性倾向估计法、累积距平分析法、M-K检验法和Morlet小波分析等方法,从不同时间序列上,对该地区近59年的气候变化趋势、极端气候以及突变现象进行分析。结果表明：年平均气温以0.354℃/10a的速率上升,上升趋势显著;四季平均气温均呈现增温趋势,其中春季增温趋势最大;1985-1986年发生了由低温到高温的突变;研究区年平均气温存在11 a的强显著周期。研究区年降水量整体以8.68 mm/10a的速率呈下降趋势,变化趋势不显著;降水集中在夏季（6-8月）,占全年降水量的72.9%,7月降水量最大,有效降水日数最多;1961-1962年和1981-1982年降水发生突变;极端降水指标中日最大降水量、连续5 d最大降水量、强降水量、极强降水量、强降水比率、连续无雨日数、零降水量日数均呈现递减趋势,仅降水强度呈递增趋势,变化趋势均不显著;Morlet小波分析表明研究区年降水量存在52 a的强显著周期。新巴尔虎右旗近59 a气候总体呈现干旱化趋势。     

江南南部初夏雨季的降水和环流气候特征

基于1961～2010年气象台站逐日降水资料、同期美国NCEP/NCAR的逐日再分析格点资料,通过气候平均、REOF分析、聚类分析等方法,分析了江南地区初夏降水的地域性和时段性特征,及西太平洋副高和高、低空急流等大气环流的相应演变过程。结果发现:（1）江南南部27.5°～29.5°N存在一个独立于华南前汛期和江淮梅雨的初夏雨季,该雨季平均发生时间为6月11～30日,比江淮梅雨早约8天左右。（2）西太平洋副高的西伸东退是江南南部初夏雨季发生发展的重要环流背景,6月第2候副高发生突变性加速西伸之后雨季开始,雨季期间850 hPa副高西伸脊点基本稳定在最西位置即133°E附近,6月第6候副高东退北抬后雨季结束。（3）低层急流大风带的形成和位置是江南南部初夏雨季阶段的重要动力条件,印度洋和孟加拉湾向东北延伸的低层急流与西太平洋副高西北侧的气流连通形成低层急流大风带,并与北侧上空的高空急流耦合,降水集中区位于低层急流大风带左侧、高空急流入口区右侧。     

2016年中国气候主要特征及主要天气气候事件

2016年,全国气候异常,极端天气气候事件多,暴雨洪涝、台风和风雹等气象灾害较突出,气候年景差。全国平均气温较常年偏高0.8℃,为1951年以来第三高;四季气温均偏高,其中,夏季气温为1961年以来同期最高。四季降水量均偏多,冬、秋季分别为1961年以来同期最多。全国平均年降水量730.0 mm,较常年偏多16%,为1951年以来最多。华南前汛期和西南雨季开始早;入梅早、出梅晚,梅雨期长,雨量多;华北雨季短,雨量多;华西秋雨短,雨量少。2016年,全国暴雨过程多,南北洪涝并发。登陆台风数量多、平均强度强。强对流天气多,损失偏重,北方风雹灾害突出。气温波动大,夏季高温影响范围广。秋、冬京津冀及周边地区霾天气频繁。其他灾害如干旱、低温冷冻害、雪灾和春季沙尘影响均偏轻。     

中纬度瞬变涡旋活动对东亚夏季平均环流和降水的影响

首先利用CFSR再分析数据,分析了东亚夏季平均环流结构及瞬变涡旋活动特征,再通过WRF模式设计控制性试验和敏感性试验分别模拟受到/不受到来自北边界中纬度瞬变涡旋活动影响的东亚夏季环流和降水,通过两组试验对比揭示了瞬变涡旋活动对东亚夏季平均环流和降水的贡献.结果 表明,中纬度瞬变涡旋活动可以通过系统性的输送动量、热量、水...     

EFFECTS OF SPRING SOIL MOISTURE IN THE INDOCHINA PENINSULA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS: A SIMULATION STUDY FOR 1999

Using the regional climate model RegCM4.4.5, coupled with the land model CLM4.5, we investigated the effects of springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula on summer precipitation over the South China Sea and its surrounding areas in 1999. Results have indicated that there exists positive correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the western Pacific Ocean and negative correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the eastern Indian Ocean. Summer precipitation in the South China Sea and its surrounding areas responds to springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula (the northwest region is critical) because general atmospheric circulation is sensitive to the near-surface thermodynamic state. Increased (decreased) soil moisture would result in decreased (increased) local surface temperatures. Latitudinal, small-scale land–sea thermal differences would then result in northeasterly wind (southwesterly wind) anomalies in the upper layer and southwesterly wind (northeasterly wind) anomalies in the lower layer, which strengthen (weaken) monsoon development. As a result, precipitation would enter the Western Pacific region earlier (later), and water vapor over the eastern Indian Ocean would enter the South China Sea earlier (later), causing a precipitation reduction (increase) in the eastern Indian Ocean and increase (reduction) in the Western Pacific.     

复杂地形下C波段雷达定量降水估计算法

C波段雷达定量降水估计(QPE)精度受到很多因素的影响,主要包括:(1)雷达标定,(2)非气象回波的干扰,(3)降水物垂直空间变化,(4)地形或地物的严重遮挡,(5)Z-R关系的代表性,(6)雷达拼图的质量,(7)雷达观测回波衰减等.文中雷达定量降水估计算法基于陕西省C波段天气雷达展开,从雷达探测数据质量控制、地形遮挡...