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61.
A Parameterization of Dry Thermals and Shallow Cumuli for Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
Julien Pergaud Valéry Masson Sylvie Malardel Fleur Couvreux 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,132(1):83-106
For numerical weather prediction models and models resolving deep convection, shallow convective ascents are subgrid processes
that are not parameterized by classical local turbulent schemes. The mass flux formulation of convective mixing is now largely
accepted as an efficient approach for parameterizing the contribution of larger plumes in convective dry and cloudy boundary
layers. We propose a new formulation of the EDMF scheme (for Eddy Diffusivity\Mass Flux) based on a single updraft that improves
the representation of dry thermals and shallow convective clouds and conserves a correct representation of stratocumulus in
mesoscale models. The definition of entrainment and detrainment in the dry part of the updraft is original, and is specified
as proportional to the ratio of buoyancy to vertical velocity. In the cloudy part of the updraft, the classical buoyancy sorting
approach is chosen. The main closure of the scheme is based on the mass flux near the surface, which is proportional to the
sub-cloud layer convective velocity scale w
*. The link with the prognostic grid-scale cloud content and cloud cover and the projection on the non- conservative variables
is processed by the cloud scheme. The validation of this new formulation using large-eddy simulations focused on showing the
robustness of the scheme to represent three different boundary layer regimes. For dry convective cases, this parameterization
enables a correct representation of the countergradient zone where the mass flux part represents the top entrainment (IHOP
case). It can also handle the diurnal cycle of boundary-layer cumulus clouds (EUROCS\ARM) and conserve a realistic evolution
of stratocumulus (EUROCS\FIRE). 相似文献
62.
西太平洋赤道海域的热量平衡 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文利用1986年11月中国科学院实验3号考察船在西太平洋赤道海域(0°~5°N,130°~150°E)考察所获得的29天辐射资料和同期取得的温、压、湿、风和探空等资料,计算了这一海域11月份的热量平衡各量值和整层气柱的加热量。结果表明:该海域是一个强热源区,其上空大气也是一个强热源区。 相似文献
63.
1981和1982年夏半年高原地区低频振荡与南亚高压活动 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
利用1981和1982年5—9月欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)的100hPa高度场客观分析资料,分析了四川盆地典型的“西涝东旱”年(1981年)、“西旱东涝”年(1982年)5—9月青藏高原地区大气低频振荡特征及其与南亚高压活动的关系。结果表明:青藏高原地区大气低频振荡是显著的,南亚高压活动与此密切相关;1981和1982年南亚高压活动的低频振荡特征具有明显差异,东西方向基本上呈反位相变化;这些事实对于认识四川盆地夏季旱涝异常有一定意义 相似文献
64.
深圳市高影响天气的风廓线雷达特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用深圳多年风廓线雷达观测资料,分析了灰霾、大雾、高温、雷暴、台风、冷空气等高影响天气过程中的风廓线特征。结果表明风廓线雷达作为一种新型的探测工具,能够在垂直方向获取较高时间、空间分辨率的实时资料,为分析、预报预警高影响天气提供了新的资料和观测事实。不同的高影响天气风廓线特征各不相同。灰霾和高温以上空出现东北风为特征:大雾的水平、垂直方向分布与信噪比有关;雷暴等强对流天气具有明显的风垂直切变;热带气旋、西风槽和锋面等移动性天气系统,其风向、风速的垂直分布随时间有明显变化。 相似文献
65.
The Summer Surface Energy Balance of the High Antarctic Plateau 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dirk?van?AsEmail author Michiel?van?den?Broeke Carleen?Reijmer Roderik?van?de?Wal 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,115(2):289-317
The summertime surface energy balance (SEB) at Kohnen station, situated on the high Antarctic plateau (75°00′ S, 0°04′ E,
2892m above sea level) is presented for the period of 8 January to 9 February 2002. Shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes
were measured directly; the former was corrected for problems associated with the cosine response of the instrument. Sensible
and latent heat fluxes were calculated using the bulk method, and eddy-correlation measurements and the modified Bowen ratio
method were used to verify these calculated fluxes. The calculated sub-surface heat flux was checked by comparing calculated
to measured snow temperatures. Uncertainties in the measurements and energy-balance calculations are discussed.
The general meteorological conditions were not extraordinary during the period of the experiment, with a mean 2-m air temperature
of −27.5°C, specific humidity of 0.52×10−3kg kg−1 and wind speed of 4.1ms−1. The experiment covered the transition period from Antarctic summer (positive net radiation) to winter (negative net radiation),
and as a result the period mean net radiation, sensible heat, latent heat and sub-surface heat fluxes were small with values
of −1.1, 0.0, −1.0 and 0.7 Wm−2, respectively. Daily mean net radiation peaked on cloudy days (16 Wm−2) and was negative on clear-sky days (minimum of −19 W m−2). Daily mean sensible heat flux ranged from −8 to +10 Wm−2, latent heat flux from −4 to 0 Wm−2 and sub-surface heat flux from −8 to +7 Wm−2. 相似文献
66.
GRAPES模式不同云物理方案对短期气候模拟的影响 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:10
在胡志晋、刘奇俊云物理方案的基础上,研制了GRAPES模式的云降水显式方案。用不同云物理方案开展了短期气候(月尺度)过程的模拟试验,并与地面观测资料和NECP再分析资料进行了对比分析。模拟的结果表明,耦合了云降水显式方案的GRAPES模式较好地模拟出了中国地区降水、温度、云量、长短波辐射的特点和分布规律。气候模拟中冰相过程和暖云过程模拟的降水、温度、云量和辐射差异较大,不同相态的水凝物及其分布对辐射特征有较大的影响,混合相云物理方案的模拟结果与实况更为吻合,应使用混合相云物理方案进行短期气候的模拟。 相似文献
67.
黑河流域大气资料尺度转换的对比分析 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
尺度转换是解决尺度差异问题的有效方法之一。尺度转换统计模式的可靠性和正确性如何,在很大程度上取决于建立统计模式时所用的实际气象资料的处理,尤其在下垫面分布极不均匀地区。本文研究了黑河流域这一复杂下垫面条件下的大气资料的尺度转换问题,对比分析了由NCEP再分析资料直接内插到较小尺度而得到的局地气候变化与由尺度转换统计模式,经过客观分析所得到的局地气候变化。结果表明,直接插值所得的细网格值只能用于对平坦地区的温、湿状况的描述,而对较高山区的区域特征描述不够;进行观测资料的客观分析可以更准确地反映黑河流域复杂下垫面背景下近地层大气要素场的变化。研究表明,客观分析过程是尺度转换过程的重要环节。 相似文献
68.
郑州强对流天气成因分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对2004年郑州出现的7次强对流天气过程的天气形势、影响系统及稳定度的分析结果表明:华北低涡和NW气流形势下存在着低层升温、高层降温机制,使大气层结趋于不稳定,当测站高低空温差或温度平流差达到一定量值,且近地层存在辐合系统时,易出现强对流; SW气流或高压控制时,大气高温高湿,具有较强不稳定能量,若850 hPa或地面出现辐合系统时,易产生强对流;地面湿度连续数天加大或保持在某一值域,其上空温湿24 h变化呈上趋冷下趋暖或上趋干下趋湿并达到一定量值,预示强对流的发生;700~500 hPa湿度明显减小,24 h温度露点差加大4 ℃以上,或近地层θse≥350K,中低层Δθse≥26 K,θse小值位于700 hPa或500 hPa,其厚度≥2000 m,易出现强雷雨大风; 700 hPa以下t-td≤4.3 ℃,或连续4天850 hPa t-td≤7 ℃、700 hPa t-td≤5 ℃、500 hPa t-td≤9 ℃,PW≥12,可预示短时暴雨的出现. 相似文献
69.
The High Concentration Tails Of The Probability Density Function Of A Dispersing Scalar In The Atmosphere 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The distribution function for concentrations of a scalar pollutant dispersing in the turbulent atmosphere has a finite domain that is bounded above and below. Three methods, based on extreme value statistics, are used to obtainestimates for the upper bound and to describe the high concentration tailbehaviour of the distribution; all three methods are applied to concentrationdata obtained from experimental atmospheric releases. Quantile quantile (QQ)plots are used to assess the goodness of fit of the resulting estimates of thedistribution, and also to compare the performance of the three methods. Thepredicted values for the upper bound are orders of magnitude less than thesource concentration, illustrating that molecular diffusion has a large effecton the high concentrations. 相似文献
70.
Vincent?GuenardEmail author Philippe?Drobinski Jean-Luc?Caccia Bernard?Campistron Bruno?Bench 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,115(2):263-288
We investigate the mesoscale dynamics of the mistral through the wind profiler observations of the MAP (autumn 1999) and ESCOMPTE (summer 2001) field campaigns. We show that the mistral wind field can dramatically change on a time scale less than 3 hours. Transitions from a deep to a shallow mistral are often observed at any season when the lower layers are stable. The variability, mainly attributed in summer to the mistral/land–sea breeze interactions on a 10-km scale, is highlighted by observations from the wind profiler network set up during ESCOMPTE. The interpretations of the dynamical mistral structure are performed through comparisons with existing basic theories. The linear theory of R. B. Smith [Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 31, 1989, Academic Press, 1–41] and the shallow water theory [Schär, C. and Smith, R. B.: 1993a, J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 1373–1400] give some complementary explanations for the deep-to-shallow transition especially for the MAP mistral event. The wave breaking process induces a low-level jet (LLJ) downstream of the Alps that degenerates into a mountain wake, which in turn provokes the cessation of the mistral downstream of the Alps. Both theories indicate that the flow splits around the Alps and results in a persistent LLJ at the exit of the Rhône valley. The LLJ is strengthened by the channelling effect of the Rhône valley that is more efficient for north-easterly than northerly upstream winds despite the north–south valley axis. Summer moderate and weak mistral episodes are influenced by land–sea breezes and convection over land that induce a very complex interaction that cannot be accurately described by the previous theories. 相似文献