海洋和大气对Chandler摆动激发的贡献

用1985～1995年期间海洋角动量变化序列和大气角动量变化序列,分析它们对Chandler摆动的激发能量以及它们与天文观测激发的相干性. 结果表明，在Chandler摆动频带内，海洋角动量变化提供的激发能量大约占观测激发的64髎，其中洋底压力变化起主导作用；NCEP/NCAR(美国国家环境预测中心/国家大气研究中心)和JMA(日本气象厅)大气角动量变化提供的激发能量分别为观测激发的23髎和214髎. 海洋激发与观测激发的相干系数约为0.52，接近99髎置信度下限(0.54)，海洋激发的相位滞后观测激发约19°；NCEP/NCAR和JMA的大气激发与观测激发的相干系数分别为0.32和0.37，大气激发的相位超前观测激发分别约47°和19°. 用更短期间(9年、6年)的海洋和大气角动量序列与更长期间(16、39年)的大气角动量序列作分析表明，在Chandler摆动频带内，无论是它们的激发能量，还是它们与观测激发之间的相干系数都呈现很大的变化，而且这些变化具有某种程度的随机性.     

A Case Study of Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar Signatures of Spatially Evolving Atmospheric Convection over the Western Atlantic Ocean

A case study of a particularly intense cold air outbreak over the northAtlantic Ocean extending from the northeast coast of the UnitedStates to the Gulf Stream is described. A RADARSAT satellite synthetic apertureradar (SAR) image of this outbreak dramatically illustrates the spatialevolution of convection. Nearly coincident images from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Advanced Very HighResolution Radiometer are used to compare many interesting features.In addition, National Weather Service rawinsonde data, National Data Buoy Center buoy data, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Coastal Mixing and Optics mooring data arepresented. We use these data to help describe the spatial evolution of the atmospheric boundary-layer processes involved in this outbreak.Rows of cellular convective clouds begin to appear some distance offshore and then slowly increase in horizontal diameter and wavelength in the downwind direction, with a subsequent jump in cloud diameter downwind of the Gulf Stream North Wall (GSNW). The SAR image shows a similar evolution of sea-surface footprints of these boundary-layer features. This change in boundary-layer structure is attributed to corresponding changes in static stability. About 300 km south of the GSNW in the SAR image, an even larger jump in cell diameter appears and the cells becomenon-uniform with bright crescents and filled semi-circles on thedownwind sides of the cells. These are believed to be surface effectsof gust fronts induced by the mesoscale cellular convection and enhanced by the overall northwesterly flow.     

大气气溶胶光学厚度的宽带消光遥感方法及其应用

该文发展了遥感气溶胶光学厚度的一个宽带消光遥感方法 ,它应用地面上太阳直射表探测的宽波段太阳直射信息反演 0 75 μm大气柱光学厚度。这方法的主要误差因子是气溶胶谱的不确定性。数值试验表明 ,气溶胶谱分布的误差所引起光学厚度解的误差一般小于 5 %。 1995年 1— 10月进行的 12 6 7组对比实验表明 ,由本方法探测的气溶胶光学厚度与光度计探测的气溶胶光学厚度的标准差为 10 5 % ,两者平均结果的偏差只有 0 7%。该文还应用这个方法 ,从气象台站辐射观测资料反演得到北京、沈阳等 10个地方 1980— 1994年间晴天气溶胶光学厚度资料 ,并分析其变化规律     

人工神经网络模型反演植被生物量参数

该文利用 1988年小麦生长期中生物量参数和微波 (10 2GHz)主被动遥感实测数据 ,作为输入输出I/O矢量对 ,训练人工神经网络为参数反演模型。然后用 1989年小麦生长期中微波主被动遥感实测数据和该神经网络模型 ,来反演其生物量参数在整个 1989年生长期中的变化。反演结果与遥感实测结果作了很好的比较     

论边界层中的大气扩散PDF模式

基于大气扩散Ｋ理论，用作为风速脉动均方差和拉氏时间尺度函数的湍流交换系数，得到了直接利用风速脉动几率密度而不用扩散参数的大气扩散ＰＤＦ模式。分别研究了对流边界层上升气流区与下降区垂直速度的统计特征，求得双正态ＰＤＦ模式。在给定ＣＢＬ自身参数如对流特征速度ｗ＊，顶高ｈｉ和源高度上的平均风速时，该模式计算出的无量纲浓度分布与室内外测试结果一致。     

单块积云降水参数的直接估算

介绍了单块积云的雷达回波参数与降雨参数的一元、二元回归分析分析结果表明，单块积云的降雨量、雨强和持续时间与雷达皮的顶高、面积的相关性较好。     

线性和非线性风应力对海-气耦合波的影响

在略去Ｒｅｙｌｅｉｇｈ摩擦和Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ冷却的条件下，采用定常的线性大气模式和半地转近似的非线性海洋模式，讨论了线性和非线性风应力对海－气耦合Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的影响，结果表明，当耦合波处于非线性不稳定的情况下，线性和非线性风应力均可产生孤立波，不同之处在于，非线性风应力所产笺波图像具有间断特点，波能的急剧聚集有可能使波的性质发生变化。     

非单一水平均匀下垫面空气动力学参数的确定

文章介绍了一种利用单一高度风速、温度湍流资料确定空气动力学参数的方法。该方法无须进行风速廓线的测量，可以应用于非单一水平均匀下垫面和非中性层结，避免了主观性。用该方法计算了北京城市北部边缘325 m气象塔附近的零值位移d和地表粗糙 z0。结果表明:该处下垫面零值位移d和地表粗糙度z0与风向有很强的依赖关系，与气象塔周围的城市建设相对应。     

DOES WIND STRESS DEPEND ON SEA-STATE OR NOT? – A STATISTICAL ERROR ANALYSIS OF HEXMAX DATA

There have been several claims, either explicit or by implication, either based on experimental evidence or on theoretical reasoning, that the wind stress is modified by the stage of development of the wind sea. However, the overall evidence is weak, because theories are still incomplete and because it is questionable whether the sea-state effect, which is of the order of 10%, can be separated from experimental noise, which is of the order of 20%. In this paper a rigorous statistical analysis of HEXMAX data is pursued in order to establish the significance of sea-state effects. It appears that the enhanced drag, especially at high winds, which has already been established by previous analyses, cannot be attributed to the effect of young waves. The analysis provides no clues for the actual mechanism, which could be related to breaking or shoaling waves. As the effect of sea-state on wind stress is much smaller than the experimental noise level, it is hard to detect. Nevertheless, HEXMAX seems to contain a wave effect that is at the edge of statistical significance. It is, however, not the wave age itself that influences the drag, but a parameter involving wave height.Because the HEXMAX evidence is only indicative, we conclude that the issue set out in this paper cannot be answered on the basis of the HEXMAX data alone. It is recommended that error analyses are also carried out for other relevant observational data sets and that new measurements with suppressed noise will be taken up.     

Streeter-Phelps模型参数估计的遗传算法

提出Streeter-Phelps模型参数估计的新方法--遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm),它不同于常规参数估计方法,其优点在于,从多个初始点开始寻优,并采用交迭和变异运算避免过早地收敛到局部最优解,可获得全局最优解,且不受初始值影响.该方法不必求导计算,编程简单快捷.给出了实例计算及与其他方法相比较的结果.