苏南一次深秋局地强对流的多源资料分析

针对2014年苏南地区深秋一次强对流天气过程,运用雷达、闪电定位仪、风廓线雷达和雨滴谱仪分别对强对流天气过程进行分析,发现新探测资料对于强对流的发生和发展有一定提示作用。本次天气过程主要是在前期回暖明显,西南气流强盛,有高空槽引导冷空气南下,冷空气的入侵导致了局地强对流的发生。深秋强对流发生的各种潜势与汛期强对流形成的阈值明显不一样,虽然不稳定能量没有春夏高,但在动力条件下触发低层冷空气强烈抬升暖湿空气,继而引发局地冰雹。雷达数据与汛期强对流的各种指标对比表明:无锡地区冰雹回波结构与汛期发生的冰雹个例相比,垂直累积液态水含量和回波顶高明显下降,这与季节的不同有明显关系,热力条件已无春夏好,季节的原因导致回波顶高偏低。通过闪电资料的统计表明:闪电频数的突然上升说明超级单体有较强的上升气流。雨滴谱资料的应用说明,降水过程中不同雨强下雨滴谱分布均呈单峰型,随着雨强增加,雨滴谱谱型在大粒子端逐渐上抬。对流云降水谱宽明显大于层状云降水。对流云降水阶段的平均直径明显大于层状云降水阶段。     

Establishment of the South Asian High over the Indo-China Peninsula During Late Spring to Summer

The establishment of the upper-level South Asian high(SAH) over the Indo-China Peninsula(ICP) during late boreal spring and its possible causes are investigated using long-term NCEP–NCAR and ERA-40 reanalysis and satellite-observed OLR data. Results show that, from early March to mid-April, deep convection stays south of ～6?N over the northern Sumatran islands. As the maximum solar radiation moves over the latitudes of the ICP(10?–20?N) in late April, the air over the ICP becomes unstable. It ascends over the ICP and descends over the adjacent waters to the east and west. This triggers deep convection over the ICP that induces large latent heating and strong updrafts and upper-level divergence, leading to the formation of an upper-level anticyclonic circulation and the SAH over the ICP. During early to mid-May, deep convection over the ICP intensifies and extends northwards to the adjacent waters. Strong latent heating from deep convection enhances and maintains the strong updrafts and upper-level divergence, and the SAH is fully established by mid-May. Thus, the seasonal maximum solar heating and the land–sea contrast around the ICP provide the basic conditions for deep convection to occur preferentially over the ICP, which leads to the formation of the SAH over the ICP from late April to mid-May. Simulations using Reg CM4 also indicate that the diabatic heating over the ICP is conducive to the generation and development of upperlevel anticyclonic circulation, which leads to an earlier establishment of the SAH.     

A note on the conditions for SSD–ADAF transitions

One of the necessary matching conditions between an optically thin, hot, advectively dominated part of an accretion disc (ADAF) and the standard Shakura–Sunyaev disc (SSD) part is that the matching transition region must rotate with an orbital speed that is faster than the Keplerian one. We discuss properties of the SSD–ADAF transition in terms of a simple two-dimensional hydrodynamical model.     

A numerical simulation of supersonic thermal convection

A computational scheme has been constructed for solving the equations that describe strong thermal convection in a two-dimensional gas layer that is heated from below and is stratified across many scaleheights by a uniform gravitational field. The purpose of this scheme is to mimic the physical conditions that may have existed in a section of the proto-solar cloud from which the planetary system formed. The vertical temperature gradient of the initial quiescent layer of diatomic gas is strongly superadiabatic and matches that of a polytrope of index m  = 1. The temperature at the upper boundary is kept fixed during the computation. Because of the highly compressible nature of the gas and the steep spatial gradients, a modified version of a flux-corrected transport scheme due to Zalesak is devised. The computations show that after the convection adopts a steady-state configuration, the flow consists of horizontal pairs of giant convective cells of opposing circulation. At the cell boundaries, the downflows are rapid and spatially concentrated while the upflows are broad and sluggish. Supersonic speeds are easily achieved in the downflows. Contrary to the expectations of the mixing length theory of convection, there is a net downward flux of kinetic energy at each level in the layer. The convecting layer is cooler on average compared with the initial temperature profile, and there is a net shift of mass towards the lower boundary. The implications of these results for the modern Laplacian theory of Solar system origin are briefly discussed.     

Rheology of the Earth and a thermoconvective mechanism for sedimentary basin formation

A power-law non-Newtonian fluid is usually assumed to model slow flows in the mantle and, in particular, convective flows. However, the power-law fluid has no memory, in contrast to a real material. A new non-linear integral (having a memory) model is proposed to describe the rheology of rocks. The model is consistent with the theory of simple fluids with fading memory and with laboratory studies of rock creep. The proposed model reduces to the power-law fluid model for stationary flows and to the Andrade model for flows associated with small strains. Stationary convection beneath continents has been studied by Fleitout & Yuen (1984 ), who used the power-law fluid model and obtained the cold immobile boundary layer (continental lithosphere). In a stability analysis of this layer, the Andrade model must be used. The analysis shows that the lithosphere is overstable (the period of oscillation is about 200  Ma). In the present study, it is suggested that these thermoconvective oscillations of the lithosphere are a mechanism for sedimentary basin formation. The vertical crustal movement in sedimentary basins can be considered as a slow subsidence on which small-amplitude oscillations are superimposed. The longest period of oscillatory crustal movement is of the same order of magnitude as the period of convective oscillation of the lithosphere found in the stability analysis. Taking into account the difference between depositional and erosional transport rates we can explain the permanent subsidence as well as the oscillations.     

Laboratory studies of stratified convection with multiple states

A simplified box model of the cooling of a salt-stratified ocean has been constructed in the laboratory to test a theory that predicts multiple equilibria if certain conditions exist. An isothermal basin of water had a thin layer of fresh water over salt water. Beside this was a smaller basin connected to the large basin by horizontal tubes at the top, middle and bottom. The small basin was cooled from above. If the top tube has more flow resistance than the bottom tubes, theory indicates that as cooling temperature T* is made colder, there is a sudden transition between two flow states. The velocities in the tubes jump to greater values, while salinity and temperature in the small basin jump to another value. These multiple states are found in the laboratory experiments along with some states that oscillate. Laboratory measurements and layered model calculations for hysteresis and the jump of temperature and salinity agree qualitatively, but there is only rough quantitative agreement.     

太平洋卫星测高重力场与地球动力学特征

通过多卫星测高数据的综合处理，获得西太平洋卫星测高重力场，进行不同尺度、深度构造动力信息的分离，探讨诸边缘海盆的地球动力学问题。测高大地水准面反映了研究区板块相互作用的特点，其高频成分可以刻画各海盆的构造特征。测高空间重力异常也可刻画陆架构造及盆地分布，由其推算出的海底地形含有大量的海底构造信息。各边缘海盆的莫霍面埋深具有往南变浅的趋势，与菲律宾海各海盆的莫霍面埋深大致相当，说明岛弧两侧的构造动力强度基本相似。大尺度地幔流应力场总体上反映了欧亚板块向东南蠕散和太平洋板块向北西扩张的特点；日本海北侧和南海巽他陆架的中尺度上地幔对流与地幔柱之间有着密切关系，西菲律宾海的上地幔对流强化了日本-琉球-台湾-菲律宾岛弧的活动强度；小尺度地幔流主要限于软流圈层内部，在各海盆分散，而在冲绳海槽和马里亚纳海槽则会聚，可与均衡重力异常类比。还讨论了大、中、小地幔流体系的特点及相互之间的关系，籍以阐明海盆及海槽演化的地球动力学过程。     

Modification of North Pacific Intermediate Water around Mixed Water Region

The mixing processes in the Mixed Water Region (MWR) that lead to changes in the properties of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) have been studied using observational data sets obtained in May–June 1998. Neutral surfaces, the equation of water mass conversion rate on neutral surfaces and the equation of vertical velocity across neutral surfaces have been used to distinguish dominant processes by assuming the horizontal scale to be the streamer scale (under 100 km). The possibility of double diffusive convection is also discussed in relation to the density ratio. These results may be summarized as follows: (1) the difference between the potential density surface and the neutral surface may rise to −0.04 kg/m³ around the source water of NPIW; (2) horizontal diffusion causes strong modifications of the source water of NPIW; (3) the density range within which strong modification of the source water of NPIW occurs becomes dense from the northern part of MWR near the Oyashio Front to the southern part near the Kuroshio Front, and to the eastern part. Our modeling of these processes shows that cabbeling has effects on the density increment of the source water of NPIW in the northern and southern part of MWR. Double diffusive convection has effects on the density increment of the source water of NPIW, mainly in the northern part of MWR. The possible density increment due to cabbeling in these areas is estimated to be 0.01≈0.03 kg/m³. The possible density increment due to double diffusive convection is 0.01≈0.03 kg/m³. The total density increment due to cabbeling and double diffusive convection amounts to 0.06 kg/m³. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.