The First World War from above and below. Historical aerial photographs and mine craters in the Ypres Salient

During the First World War, ancient siege techniques were used in an attempt to break through the stalemate in the trenches. This paper approaches the mine crater war from a completely new perspective and focuses on a landscape-scale approach rather than on fragmented individual sites. Thousands of contemporary aerial photographs have been used as a primary source of information to detect and understand the historical mine crater landscape along the former Western Front in Belgium. The paper presents a methodology for dating war features by means of a time series analysis of aerial photographs, confronting this historical landscape with a high-resolution Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) dataset.     

新集一矿水文工程地质特征及开采条件分析

新集一矿煤炭资源储量丰富,内部构造复杂,矿井突水、涌水灾害时有发生。通过收集新集一矿的钻探地质资料,重点分析13煤层及其顶板水文工程地质条件,并对煤层开采条件进行分析。结果发现:新集一矿13煤附近岩石以及13煤顶板岩石性质总体表现为岩质较软,强度低,割线模量小,地质条件复杂程度为中等型,会偶然受到地热和天窗等地质危害和煤层自燃、煤尘爆炸影响。研究结果为13煤的开采打下了坚实的基础。     

注浆工程扰动下煤系砂岩含水层水岩作用机理——以桃园煤矿为例

煤系砂岩裂隙水是煤矿重要的充水水源之一,以淮北煤田桃园煤矿二叠纪煤系为研究对象,在分析该矿水害注浆治理以来煤系水水化学特征的基础上,阐明了地下水水文地球化学作用机理及其控制因素。结果表明：注浆治理期间,煤系水中主要阳离子为Na⁺,主要阴离子为SO₄^2-;阳离子质量浓度由大到小为Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺,阴离子质量浓度由大到小为SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-、Cl^-;通过Durov水化学图分析,注浆治理期间煤系水化学类型以Na-SO₄和Na-HCO₃为主;煤系水中存在黄铁矿氧化或碳酸盐、硫酸盐溶解作用,并伴随着一定程度的阳离子交换作用与脱硫酸作用,特别是在注浆治理工程实施期间,阳离子交换作用增强;大型突水、注浆治理防治水工程、地质构造背景及采矿活动等均不同程度地影响了煤系水水岩作用,且随注浆治理范围增大,影响程度增大。该研究成果对于煤矿涌（突）水水源识别及水害防治具有重要意义,为类似条件下的其他煤矿（区）在突水或注浆治理扰动下的地下水水文地球化学研究及应用提供参考。     

普定猫洞乡可处村地质灾害成因及防治对策研究

本文对普定猫洞乡可处村地质灾害的成因进行了分析评价,并讨论了其地质灾害形成机制,提出了针对性的防治对策,为地质灾害防治提供了科学依据。     

顶板高位定向钻孔在青龙煤矿瓦斯治理中的应用

顶板高位定向钻孔是进行上隅角瓦斯治理的关键技术措施。针对青龙煤矿顶板裂隙瓦斯治理需要及复杂顶板高位定向钻孔成孔难题,阐述了顶板高位定向钻孔的技术原理和技术优势;基于“三带”理论综合确定了高位定向钻孔的层位,并优化钻具组合和钻进工艺参数。在青龙煤矿11615工作面完成5个顶板高位定向钻孔的施工,最大孔深达到612 m,单孔最大瓦斯纯流量达到2.79 m3/min,瓦斯浓度达到23.4%,有效地保证了工作面的安全回采。     

海州露天矿北帮边坡滑动成因机制及其稳定性分析

以海州露天矿地质背景条件为基础,从边坡滑动形成的影响因素分析出发,研究北帮边坡滑动成因机制,确定边坡的滑动破坏模式。同时,以该边坡的典型工程地质剖面为基础,构建稳定性计算的地质模型,并采用极限平衡法——简布法、摩根斯坦-普利斯法、推力系数法等进行边坡稳定性分析,用以说明北帮边坡的整体稳定性,为滑坡治理提供科学合理的设计依据。     

遥感技术在六安市矿山地质环境调查中的应用方法研究

矿山地质环境对于生态环境保护来说尤为敏感,是国土空间生态修复的重要部分,如何快速掌握矿山地物信息的变化是修复、保护和监测的关键所在,本文总结了遥感技术在矿山环境遥感调查的技术方法,结合大别山区矿山环境的特点,突出分析了采场、固体废弃物、地质灾害、恢复治理等矿山地物遥感特征,为六安大别山区国土空间生态修复、自然保护区监测、主体功能区等用途管制提供技术保障和可靠数据。     

矿井突水水源的Bayes逐步判别分析研究

对Bayes逐步判别法在矿井突水水源判别中的应用进行研究分析。选用六大常规离子（ Ca2＋、Mg2＋、K＋＋Na＋、SO42-、Cl-、HCO3-）作为判别因子,建立Bayes逐步判别分析模型,以内蒙唐家汇矿区突水水源判别为例,在建立的判别模型回判检验准确率仅60%,分析原因可能与选定的特征判别因子对该矿区水样分类影响能力较弱有关。增加总硬度、碱度、PH值和矿化度作为判别因子,重新建立Bayes判别分析模型,使回判准确率提高至90%,证明适当增加特征判别因子对改善Bayes逐步判别模型的可靠性和稳定性有利。经对唐家会矿区的3个未知样本进行了判别分析,并与距离判别法和模糊综合评判法判别结果对比,结果表明Bayes逐步判别模型准确性较好,判别准确率与距离判别结果完全相同,而优于模糊综合评判方法。在合理选取特征判别因子的情况下,Bayes逐步判别法是目前矿井突水水源判别的有效方法。     

Arsenic distribution during formation and capping of an oxidised sulphidic minesoil, Macraes mine, New Zealand

A minesoil has developed over 5 years oxidative exposure on sulphide concentrate tailings (ca. 1 wt.% As) at the Macraes mesothermal gold mine, New Zealand. The minesoil has a dry crust which has formed due to evaporative drying. This dry crust is enriched in arsenic (ca. 5 wt.% As) as scorodite (FeAsO₄·2H₂O) because of upward mobility of dissolved arsenic during drying. Similar enrichment of arsenic has occurred along the walls of desiccation cracks which extend over 1 m into the minesoil. Capping of the tailings and minesoil with wet tailings (pH=8) results in dissolution of scorodite and remobilization of arsenic on the millimetre scale. Experimental capping of the minesoil with wet calcium carbonate remobilized some arsenic from scorodite on the centimetre scale, but much original arsenic enrichment was preserved after 400 days. A layer of gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) and iron oxyhydroxide cementation developed at the interface between the minesoil and the experimental calcium carbonate cap, restricting water flow. This layer was ca. 1 mm thick after 400 days. Theoretical comparison between advection and diffusion in the minesoil suggests that diffusion is an important mechanism for chemical mobility on the 1–50-year time scale. However, advection can be important in secondary porosity of the dry crust of the minesoil and water penetrates this zone at a rate of 1.5 mm/day.