Differential Thermal Regimes of the Tarim and Sichuan Basins in China: Implications for Hydrocarbon Generation and Conservation

The uncertainty surrounding the thermal regimes of the ultra-deep strata in the Tarim and Sichuan basins, China, is unfavorable for further hydrocarbon exploration. This study summarizes and contrasts the present-day and paleo heat flow, geothermal gradient and deep formation temperatures of the Tarim and Sichuan basins. The average heat flow of the Tarim and Sichuan basins are 42.5 ± 7.6 mW/m2 and 53.8 ± 7.6 mW/m2, respectively, reflecting the characteristics of ‘cold’ and ‘warm’ basins. The geothermal gradient with unified depths of 0–5,000 m, 0–6,000 m and 0–7,000 m in the Tarim Basin are 21.6 ± 2.9 °C/km, 20.5 ± 2.8 °C/km and 19.6 ± 2.8 °C/km, respectively, while the geothermal gradient with unified depths of 0–5,000 m, 0–6,000m and 0–7,000 m in the Sichuan Basin are 21.9 ± 2.3 °C/km, 22.1 ± 2.5 °C/km and 23.3 ± 2.4 °C/km, respectively. The differential change of the geothermal gradient between the Tarim and Sichuan basins with depth probably results from the rock thermal conductivity and heat production rate. The formation temperatures at depths of 6,000 m, 7,000 m, 8,000 m, 9,000 m and 10,000 m in the Tarim Basin are 80°C–190°C, 90°C–220°C, 100°C–230°C, 110°C–240°C and 120°C–250°C, respectively, while the formation temperatures at depths of 6,000 m, 7,000 m, 8,000 m and 9,000 m in the Sichuan Basin are 120°C–200°C, 140°C–210°C, 160°C–260°C and 180°C–280°C, respectively. The horizontal distribution pattern of the ultra-deep formation temperatures in the Tarim and Sichuan basins is mainly affected by the basement relief, fault activity and hydrothermal upwelling. The thermal modeling revealed that the paleo-heat flow in the interior of the Tarim Basin decreased since the early Cambrian with an early Permian abrupt peak, while that in the Sichuan Basin experienced three stages of steady state from Cambrian to early Permian, rapidly rising at the end of the early Permian and declining since the late Permian. The thermal regime of the Sichuan Basin was always higher than that of the Tarim Basin, which results in differential oil and gas generation and conservation in the ultra-deep ancient strata. This study not only promotes theoretical development in the exploration of ultra-deep geothermal fields, but also plays an important role in determining the maturation phase of the ultra-deep source rocks and the occurrence state of hydrocarbons in the Tarim and Sichuan basins.     

青海民和官亭盆地青铜时代遗址木炭遗存指示的生态环境与木材利用

古代东西方文化交流以及人地关系是学界关注的热点问题, 官亭盆地(35°49'~35°54'N, 102°36'~102°56'E) 不仅是东西方交流的关键节点地区, 还是探究气候变化与生业经济、古文化兴衰关系的重点区域。然而, 已经开展的木炭分析工作主要集中于河西走廊、青藏高原东北部、陇东和陇西等地区, 官亭盆地的木炭分析工作则为空白。齐家文化时期(2200~1600 BC)至辛店文化时期(1400~700 BC)东西方文化交流的环境背景以及先民为适应环境变化所采取的策略尚不清晰。针对上述问题, 文章利用剖面采样法在青海民和官亭盆地的鄂家、辛家、清泉旱台等8个考古遗址中采集了12份齐家文化时期和8份辛店文化时期的木炭样品, 对其中大于4 mm的1544块木炭进行了鉴定。木炭样品中包括松属(Pinus L.)、云杉属(Picea Dietr.)、冷杉属(Abies Mill.)、杨属(Populus L.)、柳属(Salix L.)、桦属(Betula L.)、榆属(Ulmus L.)等37种木本植物, 以及1种疑似竹科(Bambusoideae)的炭化植物遗存。研究表明官亭盆地及其附近地区分布着杏、桃、梨等果树, 河岸阔叶落叶林, 栎属(Quercas L.)、榆属(Ulmus L.)等温带落叶阔叶林、山地杨桦林, 松属、鹅耳枥属(Carpinus L.)和桤木属(Alnus Mill.)等组成的温性针阔混交林, 云杉属、冷杉属、松属等寒温性针叶林, 灌木林; 辛店文化时期, 灌木类树种所占比重增加明显, 增加至39.25%, 针叶树种所占比重略有下降, 下降至21.30%。利用共存生态因子法进行气候重建的结果表明, 齐家文化时期年均温为2.2~12.3 ℃, 年降水量为502~1023 mm, 湿润指数为-13.0~101.4; 辛店文化时期年均温为2.5~9.1 ℃, 年降水量为502~678 mm, 湿润指数为-13.0~61.8。显示了齐家文化时期的气候条件要优于辛店文化时期。研究还表明, 官亭盆地先民对林木资源的利用主要集中于薪柴、食用方面。官亭盆地先民通过引入更加耐旱耐寒的麦类作物、发展畜牧业和采集林木果实适应变化的环境。此外, 果树类木炭种类、数量百分比的增加, 是一个值得注意的现象。本研究为解读先民适应气候变化采用的林木资源利用策略, 理解气候变化与生业模式、文化兴衰以及东西方文化交流提供了资料。

     

海河流域严重干旱500hPa信号场异常信号分析

基于严重少雨旬的定义,分析海河流域1961～2009年严重少雨旬的分布特征,进而对汛期40个典型严重少雨旬的500hPa信号场进行经验正交分解(EOF分析).结果表明:EOF第一模态的方差贡献率达到35.3％,远高于其他模态;第一模态呈现出2个负异常区和1个正异常区,在对应的环流背景下,海河流域受暖性高压控制,高纬冷空气及低纬暖湿气流难以到达流域上空交绥,持续高温少雨造成流域严重干旱.     

辽西紫都台-于寺盆地膨润土矿岩石矿物学特征研究

对紫都台-于寺盆地内二道河、哈尔套、北窝棚及下扎兰波罗等膨润土矿床进行了系统采样、处理,开展与矿床相关的赋矿岩系岩石学及矿物学特征研究.通过基本分析、XRD、化学全分析、阳离子交换量等手段对样品进行测试,研究结果表明沉凝灰岩、流纹质熔结凝灰岩、砂砾质凝灰岩等富含火山玻璃的岩石更易于水解形成膨润土矿.膨润土总体呈碱性,矿...     

The relationship between groundwater and natural vegetation in Qaidam Basin

To accurately evaluate ecological risks trigged by groundwater exploitation, it must be clarified the relationship between vegetation and groundwater. Based on remote sensing data sets MOD13Q1, groundwater table depth (WTD) and total dissolved solids (TDS), the relationship between groundwater and natural vegetation was analyzed statistically in the main plain areas of Qaidam Basin. The results indicate that natural vegetation is groundwater-dependent in areas where WTD is less than 5.5 m and TDS is less than 7.5 g/L. Aquatic vegetation, hygrophytic vegetation and hygrophytic saline-alkali tolerant vegetation are mainly distributed in areas with WTD <1.1 m. Salt-tolerant and mesophytic vegetation mainly occur in areas with WTD of 1.4-3.5 m, while the xerophytic vegetation isprimarily present in areas where WTD ranges from 1.4 m to 5.5 m. Natural vegetation does not necessarily depend on groundwater in areas with WTD >5.5 m. For natural vegetation, the most suitable water TDS is less than 1.5 g/L, the moderately suitable TDS is 1.5-5.0 g/L, the basically suitable TDS is 5.0-7.5 g/L, and the unsuitable TDS is more than 7.5 g/L.     

盆地深部穹隆构造发育特征、成因机制及石油地质意义——以塔里木盆地顺北地区为例

塔里木盆地顺北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩中广泛发育穹隆构造.为研究盆地深部穹隆构造的发育特征、成因机制及石油地质意义,基于顺北地区高精度三维地震资料,对穹隆构造开展几何学定量解析,确定其空间分布规律及内部结构样式;结合区域构造背景及盆内构造发育特征,明确其成因机制;在此基础上,结合生产动态数据探讨穹隆构造的控储—控藏作用.研究...     

塔里木盆地深层寒武系地表岩溶型白云岩储层及后期流体改造作用

对塔里木盆地钻遇寒武系白云岩的塔深1等井的岩芯观察发现埋深超过8000m的深层寒武系白云岩中仍发育有丰富的几毫米至几厘米大小的地表岩溶作用形成的溶蚀孔洞。塔深1井测井曲线的突变反映出了多个寒武系沉积间断(暴露)面的存在;但塔深1井附近寒武系地震剖面同相轴连续性较好,没有明显的角度不整合接触。测井和地震特征表明了寒武系白云岩岩溶作用发生在同生或准同生期,是由于相对海平面下降造成的暴露作用,而没有发生强烈的构造抬升。塔深1等井寒武系白云岩溶蚀孔洞中常见有白云石、石英等矿物的充填。充填白云石具有弯曲晶面和波状消光的特征。白云石中流体包裹体均一温度主峰区间110～130℃,没有随深度增加而增加的特点。与基质白云岩相比,充填白云石具有相对较低的Na、K和Sr的含量以及相对较高的Fe、Mn和Ba含量。在同位素组成上,充填白云石具有相对较轻的氧同位素组成和较高的n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)比值;其氧同位素δ18OPDB的变化范围为-11.62‰～-5.13‰,平均为-8.00‰,锶同位素n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)比值变化范围为0.709361～0.709978,平均为0.709590。上述特征表明了白云石等的充填作用与深部热液活动有关。受深部热液作用强度的限制,寒武系白云岩中已有的岩溶型孔隙并没有被完全充填破坏,仍有较多的储集空间得以保存下来。     

深水重要油气储层--琼东南盆地中央峡谷体系

南海北部海域琼东南盆地发育一个大型中央峡谷体系,平面上呈“S”型NE向展布,西起莺歌海盆地中央拗陷带东缘,横穿琼东南盆地中央拗陷带,向东延伸进入西沙海槽。通过2D及3D地震资料的精细解释和钻井资料综合分析,研究揭示该峡谷体系可以划分为4个区段,不同区段不仅具有明显不同的剖面形态,而且具有不同沉积物构成、沉积微相以及不同沉积物源。不同区域峡谷形态及充填分析表明,自西向东,中央峡谷下切深度越来越大,下切层位越来越老。其下切剖面形态发育有“V”、“U”、“W”和复合型。其中“V”型峡谷下切深度最大,冲刷、削截特征最明显。峡谷西段以浊积水道沉积为主,峡谷东段为浊积水道与块体流沉积互层沉积,但在不同区带不同沉积物所占比例有一定差异。浊积水道沉积的物源主要来自于盆地西侧,块体流沉积的物源主要来自于盆地北部陆坡体系,从而,来自于西部浊积水道沉积与来自于北部块体流沉积在中央峡谷内形成了多源多期发育的复杂的峡谷系统。     

Late Triassic volcanic activity in South-East Asia: New stratigraphical,geochronological and paleontological evidence from the Luang Prabang Basin (Laos)

In South-East Asia, sedimentary basins displaying continental Permian and Triassic deposits have been poorly studied. Among these, the Luang Prabang Basin (North Laos) represents a potential key target to constrain the stratigraphic and structural evolutions of South-East Asia. A combined approach involving sedimentology, palaeontology, geochronology and structural analysis, was thus implemented to study the basin. It resulted in a new geological map, in defining new formations, and in proposing a complete revision of the Late Permian to Triassic stratigraphic succession as well as of the structural organization of the basin. Radiometric ages are used to discuss the synchronism of volcanic activity and sedimentation.The Luang Prabang Basin consists of an asymmetric NE-SW syncline with NE-SW thrusts, located at the contact between Late Permian and Late Triassic deposits. The potential stratigraphic gap at the Permian–Triassic boundary is therefore masked by deformation in the basin. The Late Triassic volcaniclastic continental deposits are representative of alluvial plain and fluvial environments. The basin was fed by several sources, varying from volcanic, carbonated to silicic (non-volcanic). U–Pb dating of euhedral zircon grains provided maximum sedimentation ages. The stratigraphic vertical succession of these ages, from ca. 225, ca. 220 to ca. 216 Ma, indicates that a long lasting volcanism was active during sedimentation and illustrates significant variations in sediment preservation rates in continental environments (from ∼100 m/Ma to ∼3 m/Ma). Anhedral inherited zircon grains gave older ages. A large number of them, at ca. 1870 Ma, imply the reworking of a Proterozoic basement and/or of sediments containing fragments of such a basement. In addition, the Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) sediments yielded to a new dicynodont skull, attributed to the Kannemeyeriiform group family, from layers dated in between ∼225 and ∼221 Ma (Carnian).     

苏丹Muglad盆地Fula坳陷油气地球化学特征与成藏意义

Fula坳陷位于Muglad盆地东北部,面积约5 000 km2,FN油田是该坳陷最大的亿吨级油田。油气储层主要为白垩系Abu Gabra、Bentiu和Aradeiba组。应用油藏地球化学的方法对FN油田的成藏期次进行了探讨。FN油田Abu Gabra、Bentiu和Aradeiba组原油特征相似,来源于同一套烃源岩,原油既表现出正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷系列分布完整等正常油特征,又表现出色谱基线抬升、高峰度UCM、25 降藿烷出现等生物降解油特征,这些特征表明FN油田经历了至少两期成藏过程,早期充注的原油遭受生物降解后又接受后期成熟度较高的原油充注。根据构造演化、埋藏史和生排烃史可以研究生烃期次及油气成藏特征。Abu Gabra组烃源岩发生了两次生烃作用,第一次生烃作用发生在晚白垩世,Ro达到0.6%以上,进入生排烃作用阶段,晚白垩世末构造抬升作用使这次生烃产物遭受较为严重的生物降解;第二次生烃作用发生在古近纪,Abu Gabra组烃源岩进入生油高峰阶段,是本区最重要的一次生油作用和成藏过程,与该次成藏事件相关的构造圈闭是Fula坳陷油气勘探的重点。