Three-dimensional investigations of wave overtopping on rubble mound structures

To study the influence of wave obliquity and directional spreading on wave overtopping of rubble mound breakwaters a total of 736 three-dimensional model tests were carried out at Aalborg University. The results of these tests are presented and analysed in this paper yielding a new empirical reduction factor to describe the influence of wave obliquity and directional spreading on the average wave overtopping discharges. The study shows that perpendicularly incident, long-crested waves result in conservative values of the overtopping discharge for the tested cross-section.     

内蒙古腮林忽洞群含铁燧石团块和微晶丘的成因及构造环境指示意义

内蒙古腮林忽洞群地层中发育含铁燧石团块和微晶丘。本文报道了它们的地质特征及铁同位素、稀土元素地球化学特征,并探讨了它们的成因及构造环境指示意义。燧石一般呈团块状、脉状发育于腮林忽洞群碳酸盐地层中。燧石中发育铁质丝状体,由非晶质的铁(氢)氧化物(赤铁矿和针铁矿)组成,具有丝状、网状形态特征,类似于现代海底热液Fe-Si产物。燧石的铁同位素组成δ56 Fe为-0.71‰~-0.25‰,与海底热液铁同位素组成(δ56Fe为-0.7‰~-0.1‰)一致。燧石的页岩(PAAS)标准化的稀土配分模式具有Eu正异常,La、Y正异常,显示海水和热液混合的稀土配分特点。这些特征表明含铁燧石为海底热液活动产物。腮林忽洞微晶丘成分主要为白云岩,铁同位素组成比该区域正常沉积碳酸盐岩要轻,与含铁燧石及海底热液的铁同位素组成相似;稀土配分模式与燧石一致,显示海水和热液混合的稀土配分特点。表明该微晶丘的形成可能与海底热液活动有关。腮林忽洞群含铁燧石团块、微晶丘的发育以及前人报道的震积岩、滑塌岩的发育表明腮林忽洞群沉积过程中可能处于拉张的构造背景,海底热液活动活跃。由于腮林忽洞群的沉积时代很可能为中元古代,腮林忽洞群的海底热液活动有可能是整个华北地区中元古代(1.3~14Ga)拉张构造背景的一个响应。     

陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组沉积相特征与沉积演化

本文主要依据陕北盐盆地的镇钾1井等8口基干井,通过岩心观察、测井解释、镜下薄片鉴定,同时结合区域构造资料并参考前人研究成果,对陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组岩石类型、沉积相、沉积演化进行了研究。结果表明岩石类型以碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩为主,碎屑岩等其他沉积岩发育较少。主要发育碳酸盐岩台地相,可进一步划分出开阔台地和局限蒸发台地两种亚相,开阔台地可识别出灰泥丘微相;局限蒸发台地可识别出云坪、盐湖、膏湖、淡化泻湖等微相。沉积演化表明,马一期-马六期,陕北盐盆经历了三次海进-海退旋回,沉积演化为陕北盐盆及钾岩的形成创造了良好的成盐古地理环境,海进期,海水提供充足的成钾物质补给,海退期形成的继承性盐盆,四周隆起,又处在有利的低纬度干旱蒸发气候环境,十分有利于钾岩的形成。陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组五段六亚段沉积期,盆底总体表现为"两坳夹一隆"的构造样式,即自西向东依次为呈NNE向展布的西部盐坳、中部隆起和东部盐坳,"西部盐坳"可进一步分为3个次级盐凹,自北向南依次为"西一盐凹"、"西二盐凹"和"西三盐凹";"东部盐坳"可进一步分为2个次级盐凹,即北部的"东一盐凹"和南部的"东二盐凹",这5个盐凹的盐系地层厚度大于150m,是陕北盐盆最佳成钾盐凹,也是优先进行钾盐探井部署的有利目标区。     

Sediment mounds and other sedimentary features related to hydrate occurrences in a columnar seismic blanking zone of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Korea

A mound related to a cold vent in a columnar seismic blanking zone (CSBZ) was formed around site UBGH1-10 in the central Ulleung Basin (2077 m water depth), East Sea, Korea. The mound is 300–400 m wide and 2–3 m high according to multi-beam bathymetry, 2–7 kHz sub-bottom profiler data, and multi-channel reflection seismic data. Seafloor topography and characteristics were investigated using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) around site UBGH1-10, which is located near the northern part of the mound. The origin of the mound was investigated through lithology, mineralogy, hydrate occurrence, and sedimentary features using dive cores, piston cores, and a deep-drilling core. The CSBZ extends to ∼265 ms two-way traveltime (TWT) below the seafloor within a mass-transport deposit (MTD) unit. Gas hydrate was entirely contained 6–141 m below the seafloor (mbsf) within hemipelagic deposits intercalated with a fine-grained turbidite (HTD) unit, characteristically associated with high resistivity values at site UBGH1-10. The hydrate is commonly characterized by veins, nodules, and massive types, and is found within muddy sediments as a fracture-filling type. Methane has been produced by microbial reduction of CO₂, as indicated by C₁/C₂₊, δ¹³CCH4, and δD₄CH analyses. The bowl-shaped hydrate cap revealed at 20–45 ms TWT below the seafloor has very high resistivity and high salinity, suggesting rapid and recent gas hydrate formation. The origin of the sediment mound is interpreted as a topographic high formed by the expansion associated with the formation of the gas hydrate cap above the CSBZ. The lower sedimentation rate of the mound sediments may be due to local enhancement of bottom currents by topographic effects. In addition, no evidence of gas bubbles, chemosynthetic communities, or bacterial mats was observed in the mound, suggesting an inactive cold vent.     

内蒙古腮林忽洞群综合地层和白云鄂博矿床赋矿微晶丘

据层序地层，事件地层，生物地层和岩石地层研究，腮林忽洞群是白云鄂博群的一部分。于腮 林忽洞群下部层位的岩石切片中首次发现三叶虫屑，并首次分离出奥陶系疑源类及几丁虫化石；于上部层位首次识别出碳酸盐震积岩组及顶部巨型微晶丘。     

带胸墙斜坡堤越波量的试验研究

带胸墙斜坡式防波堤堤顶标高的合理确定，有赖于越波量的正确计算。本文基于水力学中流量系数的概念，建立越波量的计算公式。对影响流量系数的几个主要因素：波高、波陡、胸墙高、平台宽度、相对水深和护面结构等，进行了较系统的试验和讨论，提出了确定流量系数的经验公式。另外，还根据越波量的大小及越波波态，将堤分为：不越水堤、少量越水堤、越水堤及半潜堤四类，可作为合理确定堤顶标高时参考。     

Test Study on Erosion and Siltation Patterns of Sandy Bottom Before Mound Breakwater Under the Effect of Waves

In this paper, the effect of waves on erosion of the sandy bottom before mound breakwaters is studied. The sandy bottom basically presents two erosion patterns, between which there is a transitional state, under the action of partially standing waves. The two erosion patterns can be determined by dimensionless parameter Us, defined in this paper. The erosion locations, depths and lengths can be estimated by a series of equations presented in the text. Irregular waves are employed in the test besides regular waves, and the effect of the irregular waves can be estimated by the element of equivalent waves, such as T1/3, H1/3.     

Neural network modelling of wave overtopping at coastal structures

A method has been developed to estimate wave overtopping discharges for a wide range of coastal structures. The prediction method is based on Neural Network modelling. For this purpose use is made of a data set obtained from a large number of physical model tests (collected within the framework of the European project CLASH, see e.g. [Steendam, G.J., Van der Meer, J.W., Verhaeghe, H., Besley, P., Franco, L. and Van Gent, M.R.A. (2004). The international database on wave overtopping. World Scientific, Proc. 29th ICCE, vol. 4, pp. 4301–4313, Lisbon, Portugal.]). Moreover, a method was developed to obtain confidence intervals for the overtopping predictions of the neural network.     

Morphology and environment of cold-water coral carbonate mounds on the NW European margin

Cold-water coral carbonate mounds, owing their presence mainly to the framework building coral Lophelia pertusa and the activity of associated organisms, are common along the European margin with their spatial distribution allowing them to be divided into a number of mound provinces. Variation in mound attributes are explored via a series of case studies on mound provinces that have been the most intensely investigated: Belgica, Hovland, Pelagia, Logachev and Norwegian Mounds. Morphological variation between mound provinces is discussed under the premise that mound morphology is an expression of the environmental conditions under which mounds are initiated and grow. Cold-water coral carbonate mounds can be divided into those exhibiting “inherited” morphologies (where mound morphology reflects the morphology of the colonised features) and “developed” morphology (where the mounds assume their own gross morphology mainly reflecting dominant hydrodynamic controls). Finer-scale, surface morphological features mainly reflecting biological growth forms are also discussed.