北祁连黑矿型和塞浦路斯型硫化物矿床容矿火山岩的物质来源与形成环境

文章以白银厂石英角斑岩和石居里富钠玄武岩为代表,对产于北祁连造山带的"黑矿型"和"塞浦路斯型"铜多金属块状硫化物矿床的容矿火山岩做了系统的常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素及锶、钕、铅同位素分析。结果表明,这2种火山岩均表现出俯冲带岩浆作用的特征。所不同的是,白银厂"黑矿型"块状硫化物矿床容矿火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧环境;石居里"塞浦路斯型"硫化物铜矿床形成于大洋板块内部的洋生弧环境。与各自的形成环境相对应,白银厂的石英角斑岩来源于原生地幔在俯冲板片流体参与下的部分熔融,岩浆在上升侵位过程中有部分大陆地壳物质混入。石居里的富钠玄武岩同样也是产生于原生地幔在板片流体作用下的部分熔融,但没有遭受陆壳物质混染。     

花岗岩源岩问题——关于花岗岩研究的思考之四

花岗岩源岩是花岗岩研究中最令人关注的问题之一,许多花岗岩的地球化学性质和分类实际上反映的是花岗岩的源岩问题.花岗岩幔源、壳源和壳幔混合源的说法被证明是不合适的,花岗岩不可能是幔源的,花岗岩都是壳源的,既然没有了幔源,也就无所谓壳幔混合源,因此,壳源本身也失去了意义.流行的花岗岩源岩组分混合计算的方法缺少理论依据,可变的因素太多,计算的结果可能没有多少实际意义.作者指出,对花岗岩来说第1位重要的是源区特征,它决定了花岗岩的基本面貌;其次是部分熔融程度、压力、温度和挥发分加入的情况;岩浆混合的意义可能是第3位的;而结晶分离作用可能是没有地位的.文中按照Nd-Sr同位素比值将花岗岩大致分为3个源区:即B、C和BC源区.B源主要由洋壳组成,C源主要由陆壳组成,BC源是二者的过渡.BC源区的组成很复杂,可能包括由交代地幔部分熔融形成的中基性岩浆岩,也可能是基性岩混染了陆壳物质的产物.B源与BC源可能与地幔亏损程度有关,B源来自强烈亏损的地幔,一部分BC源可能源于大陆下的富集地幔.文中还概略地讨论了中国各地花岗岩复杂的源区情况,指出中国花岗岩具区域性分布的特点说明花岗岩主要受源岩的制约.     

皖东地区燕山期高镁中酸性侵入岩地球化学特征及动力学意义

皖东地区中酸性侵入岩为一套石英闪长岩-石英二长闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩组合,主要属于高钾钙碱性岩系列,具有高Al2O3、Sr、Sr/Y、(La/Yb)N、富集LREE和LILE、亏损HREE和Y、Yb、Eu弱负异常—正异常、岩石高(87Sr/86Sr)i、低εNd(t)等特征。与中国东部多数埃达克质岩石相比,岩石具有较高的Mg#值和相容元素Cr、Ni含量。研究表明:(1)皖东地区中酸性侵入岩可能是拆沉的下地壳基性物质经部分熔融作用及岩浆在上升过程中与地幔橄榄岩相互反应的产物,石榴石作为残留相存在。(2)燕山早期皖东地区存在受特提斯构造域挤压构造控制的地壳加厚过程,早白垩世受太平洋构造域影响的郯庐断裂带大规模左行平移活动是触发下地壳拆沉的主要因素。皖东地区中酸性侵入岩是两大构造体制域发生转换的岩浆岩石记录。     

大陆岩石圈对扩张机制的响应——辽蒙地质走廊中—新生代火山活动的时空分布

选择以辽西为中心,近东西向延伸800km的辽蒙地质走廊为研究区,通过年代学研究,确认130Ma以来的中、新生代火山活动对称分布的时空格局具有“中间老、两侧新”的特点,而且随着时间的推移,软流圈来源的岩浆向东西两侧侧向流动,岩浆来源不断加深。在此基础上提出“软流圈底辟体上涌和水平侧向流动”的模式。     

西秦岭月照 琵琶寺地区火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

月照琵琶寺地区的变质火山岩出露于甘肃武都县境内,夹在泥盆系和前震旦碧口群地层之间。按地球化学分类,火山岩可划分为双峰式和碱性两个系列。双峰式火山岩系由低K富Na拉斑玄武岩和酸性英安岩、流纹岩组成。该玄武岩具有类似MORB的微量元素特征,平坦的稀土配分模式,但富Th贫Nb显示其受到陆壳混染的影响。该套火山岩总体特征指示其为大陆裂谷向成熟洋盆转化阶段的产物,从而推测本区火山岩可能为勉略古洋盆西延的分支产物。     

Ti-in-zircon thermometry: applications and limitations

The titanium concentrations of 484 zircons with U-Pb ages of ∼1 Ma to 4.4 Ga were measured by ion microprobe. Samples come from 45 different igneous rocks (365 zircons), as well as zircon megacrysts (84) from kimberlite, Early Archean detrital zircons (32), and zircon reference materials (3). Samples were chosen to represent a large range of igneous rock compositions. Most of the zircons contain less than 20 ppm Ti. Apparent temperatures for zircon crystallization were calculated using the Ti-in-zircon thermometer (Watson et al. 2006, Contrib Mineral Petrol 151:413–433) without making corrections for reduced oxide activities (e.g., TiO₂ or SiO₂), or variable pressure. Average apparent Ti-in-zircon temperatures range from 500° to 850°C, and are lower than either zircon saturation temperatures (for granitic rocks) or predicted crystallization temperatures of evolved melts (∼15% melt residue for mafic rocks). Temperatures average: 653 ± 124°C (2 standard deviations, 60 zircons) for felsic to intermediate igneous rocks, 758 ± 111°C (261 zircons) for mafic rocks, and 758 ± 98°C (84 zircons) for mantle megacrysts from kimberlite. Individually, the effects of reduced or , variable pressure, deviations from Henry’s Law, and subsolidus Ti exchange are insufficient to explain the seemingly low temperatures for zircon crystallization in igneous rocks. MELTs calculations show that mafic magmas can evolve to hydrous melts with significantly lower crystallization temperature for the last 10–15% melt residue than that of the main rock. While some magmatic zircons surely form in such late hydrous melts, low apparent temperatures are found in zircons that are included within phenocrysts or glass showing that those zircons are not from evolved residue melts. Intracrystalline variability in Ti concentration, in excess of analytical precision, is observed for nearly all zircons that were analyzed more than once. However, there is no systematic change in Ti content from core to rim, or correlation with zoning, age, U content, Th/U ratio, or concordance in U-Pb age. Thus, it is likely that other variables, in addition to temperature and , are important in controlling the Ti content of zircon. The Ti contents of igneous zircons from different rock types worldwide overlap significantly. However, on a more restricted regional scale, apparent Ti-in-zircon temperatures correlate with whole-rock SiO₂ and HfO₂ for plutonic rocks of the Sierra Nevada batholith, averaging 750°C at 50 wt.% SiO₂ and 600°C at 75 wt.%. Among felsic plutons in the Sierra, peraluminous granites average 610 ± 88°C, while metaluminous rocks average 694 ± 94°C. Detrital zircons from the Jack Hills, Western Australia with ages from 4.4 to 4.0 Ga have apparent temperatures of 717 ± 108°C, which are intermediate between values for felsic rocks and those for mafic rocks. Although some mafic zircons have higher Ti content, values for Early Archean detrital zircons from a proposed granitic provenance are similar to zircons from many mafic rocks, including anorthosites from the Adirondack Mts (709 ± 76°C). Furthermore, the Jack Hills zircon apparent Ti-temperatures are significantly higher than measured values for peraluminous granites (610 ± 88°C). Thus the Ti concentration in detrital zircons and apparent Ti-in-zircon temperatures are not sufficient to independently identify parent melt composition. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Two magma series and associated ore deposit types in the Permian Emeishan large igneous province, SW China

The Late Middle Permian ( 260 Ma) Emeishan large igneous province in SW China contains two magmatic series, one comprising high-Ti basalts and Fe-rich gabbroic and syenitic intrusions, the other low-Ti basalts and mafic–ultramafic intrusions. The Fe-rich gabbros are spatially and temporally associated with syenites. Each series is associated with a distinctive type of mineralization, the first with giant Fe–Ti–V oxide ore deposits such as Panzhihua and Baima, the second with Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide deposits such as Jinbaoshan, Limahe and Zhubu. New SHRIMP zircon U–Pb isotopic data yielded 263 ± 3 Ma for the Limahe intrusion, 261 ± 2 Ma for the Zhubu intrusion and 262 ± 2 Ma for a syenitic intrusion. These new age dates, together with previously reported SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages, suggest that all these intrusions are contemporaneous with the Emeishan flood basalts and formed during a major igneous event at ca. 260 Ma.The oxide-bearing intrusions have higher Al₂O₃, FeO (as total iron) and total alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O) but lower MgO than the sulfide-bearing intrusions. All intrusions are variably enriched in LREE relative to HREE. The oxide-bearing intrusions display positive Nb- and Ti-anomalies and in certain cases negative Zr–Hf anomalies, whereas the sulfide-bearing intrusions have obvious negative Nb- and Ti-anomalies, a feature of crustal contamination. Individual intrusions have relatively small ranges of Nd(t) values. All the intrusions, however, have Nd(t) values ranging from − 3.9 to + 4.6, and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios from 0.7039 to 0.7105. The syenites have very low MgO (< 2 wt.%) but highly variable Fe₂O₃ (2.5 to 13 wt.%) with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.7039 to 0.7089. Magmas from both series could have derived by melting of a heterogeneous mantle plume: the high-Ti series from a Fe-rich, more fertile source and the low-Ti series from a Fe-poor, more refractory source. In addition, the low-Ti series underwent significant crustal contamination. The two magma series evolved along different paths that led to distinct mineralization styles.     

Mineralogical,petrological, and geochemical studies of the Limahe mafic–ultramatic intrusion and associated Ni–Cu sulfide ores,SW China

The Limahe Ni–Cu sulfide deposit is hosted by a small mafic–ultramafic intrusion (800 × 200 × 300 m) that is temporally associated with the voluminous Permian flood basalts in SW China. The objective of this study is to better understand the origin of the deposit in the context of regional magmatism which is important for the ongoing mineral exploration in the region. The Limahe intrusion is a multiphase intrusion with an ultramafic unit at the base and a mafic unit at the top. The two rock units have intrusive contacts and exhibit similar mantle-normalized trace element patterns and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions but significantly different cumulus mineralogy and major element compositions. The similarities suggest that they are related to a common parental liquid, whereas the differences point to magma differentiation by olivine crystallization at depth. Sulfide mineralization is restricted to the ultramafic unit. The abundances of sulfides in the ultramafic unit generally increase towards the basal contacts with sedimentary footwall. The δ ³⁴S values of sulfide minerals from the Limahe deposit are elevated, ranging from +2.4 to +5.4‰. These values suggest the involvement of external S with elevated δ ³⁴S values. The mantle-normalized platinum-group element (PGE) patterns of bulk sulfide ores are similar to those of picrites associated with flood basalts in the region. The abundances of PGE in the sulfide ores, however, are significantly lower than that of sulfide liquid expected to segregate from undepleted picrite magma. Cr-spinel and olivine are present in the Limahe ultramafic rocks as well as in the picrites. Mantle-normalized trace element patterns of the Limahe intrusion generally resemble those of the picrites. However, negative Nb–Ta anomalies, common features of contamination with the lower or middle crust, are present in the intrusion but absent in the picrites. Sr–Nd isotopes suggest that the Limahe intrusion experienced higher degrees of contamination with the upper crust than did the picrites. The results of this study permit us to suggest that the parental magma of the Limahe intrusion was derived from picritic magma by olivine fractionation and contamination in a staging chamber at mid-crustal levels. Depletion of PGE in the sulfide ores in the Limahe intrusion is likely due to previous sulfide segregation of the parental magmas in the staging chamber. Sulfide mineralization in the Limahe intrusion is related to second-stage sulfide segregation after the fractionated magmas acquired external S from pyrite-bearing country rocks during magma ascent to the Limahe chamber. The abrupt change in mineralogical and chemical compositions between the ultramafic unit and the overlying unit suggests that at least two separate pulses of magma were involved in the development of the Limahe intrusion. We propose that the Limahe intrusion was once a wider part of a dynamic conduit that fed magma to the overlying subvolcanic dykes/sills or lavas. The ultramafic unit formed by the first, relatively more primitive magma, and the mafic unit formed by the second, relatively more fractionated magma. Immiscible sulfide droplets that segregated from the first magma settled down with olivine crystals to form the sulfide-bearing, olivine-rich rocks in the base of the intrusion. The overlying residual liquids were then pushed out of the chamber by the second magma. Critical factors for the formation of an economic Ni–Cu sulfide deposit in such a small intrusion include the dynamic petrologic processes involved and the availability of external sulfur. The Limahe deposit reminds us that small, multiphase, mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the region should not be overlooked for the potential of economic Ni–Cu sulfide deposits.     

Weathering-pedogenesis of Carbonate Rocks and Its Environmental Effects in Subtropical Region

We investigated the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and its environmental effects in subtropical regions of China. The investigation demonstrated that the weathering- pedogenesis of carbonate rocks is the process of a joint action of corrosion and illuviation and metasomatism in subtropical region. It is characterized by multi-stage, multi-path and multi-style. With the persisting development of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks, metasomatic pedogenesis progressively became the main process of the weathering-pedogenesis and the dominant style of formation of minerals. And it proceeds through the whole process of evolution of the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks. The stage evolution of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and the fractionation evolution of newly produced minerals are characterized by obvious vertically zoning structures and the rules of gradation of elements geochemical characteristics in the carbonate rocks weathering profiles. The geochemical process of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks can be divided into three geochemical evolution stages, i.e., the Ca, Mg-depletion and Si, Al-enrichment stage; the Fe, Mn enrichment stage and the Si-depletion and Al-enrichment stage in the subtropical regions. Consistent with the three geochemical evolution stages, the sequence of formation and evolution of minerals can be divided into the clay mineral stage; the Fe, Mn oxide and the gibbsite stage. The influence of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks on the chemical forms of heavy elements is mainly affected via newly produced components and minerals in the process of weathering-pedogenesis, e.g., iron oxide minerals and organic matters. The important mechanism for the mobilization, transport and pollution of F and As is affected the selective adsorption and desorption of F and As on the surface of iron oxide minerals in the subtropical karst zones, i.e., the selective adsorption and desorption on mineral surfaces of newly produced minerals in the process of weath     

西天山阿吾拉勒埃达克质岩石成因：Nd和Sr同位素组成的限制

西天山阿吾拉勒二叠纪钠质英安岩和钠长斑岩具有与埃达克岩一致的高Sr,低Y、Yb和Eu正异常等独特岩石地球化学特征。系统的Nd和Sr同位素组成研究表明，其（^143Nd/^144Nd)i为0．512384－0．512470，εNd(t)为正值（＋1．57－＋3．26）；（^87Sr/^86Sr)i为0．0751－0．7054，与本区同时代幔源玄武岩的Nd和Sr同位素组成特征相似，但与俯冲洋壳部分熔融成因埃达克岩的Nd和Sr同位素组成有显著区别。结合这些埃达克质岩石形成二叠纪后碰撞阶段构造背景，认为本区埃达克质岩浆最有可能由新底侵的玄武质下地壳在角闪岩相向榴辉岩相过渡或榴辉岩相的条件下部分熔融形成，是西天山晚古生代后碰撞阶段地幔玄武岩浆底侵作用和地壳垂向增生的重要岩石标志。