吉林省八家子大型金矿床Rb-Sr同位素测年及同位素地球化学特征

八家子金矿床是华北克拉通北缘夹皮沟金矿带中的重要金矿床之一,赋存于太古宙花岗-绿岩带内。矿体多呈脉状产出,受NW向夹皮沟断裂控制,与中生代正长斑岩有成因联系。本文在八家子矿床选取8件黄铁矿样品开展了Rb-Sr定年,获得Rb-Sr等时线年龄为218.6±1.5Ma(MSWD=1.4),初始Sr同位素比值ISr=0.71047。成矿流体的δ18 OW值为3.2‰~5.1‰,δDW值为-100.7‰~-88‰。成矿流体主要来源于岩浆流体,混合部分变质流体和大气降水。金属硫化物的δ34S值介于-0.2‰~+7.9‰之间,均值+5.7‰,表明硫主要来自深源岩浆。黄铁矿中流体包裹体3 He/4 He值为1.05~1.20Ra,平均值1.13Ra。地幔流体参与成矿作用的比例为11.6%~13.2%,地壳流体占主导地位。八家子金矿的成矿时代为晚三叠世,形成于华北克拉通北缘的碰撞后伸展环境。     

华北克拉通东南缘蚌埠隆起带荆山—涂山岩体地质地球化学特征再认识

对位于华北克拉通东南缘蚌埠隆起带的荆山—涂山岩体进行了野外观察、年代学和地球化学研究,测得弱片麻状二长花岗岩体中U Pb年龄为(1604±13)~(1628±18) Ma,为晚侏罗世岩浆活动的产物;岩石地球化学测试结果显示,岩体总体富硅、富碱,具有高钾钙碱、准铝—过铝质特征,LREE相对富集,具明显的正Eu异常,Ce异常不明显或无异常,K、P和Ti有较明显的亏损,Rb、Ba、U、La、Sr、Zr和Sm元素相对富集。成因类型判别图显示其具备I型花岗岩特征;锆石Lu Hf同位素及全岩Sm Nd同位素组成暗示其物质起源主要为新太古代陆壳,且岩浆源区主要为华北克拉通下地壳物质;构造环境判别图中,投影点落于火山弧花岗岩区域,暗示岩体形成于扬子克拉通沿郯庐断裂带俯冲于华北克拉通之下的构造背景,与华北克拉通晚侏罗世期间的动力学背景相一致。     

Provenance of iron,bauxite and clay deposits of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation in southern margin of North China Craton: An example from Da'an bauxite and clay deposit of Sanmenxia area,Henan Province

During the Middle Ordovician to Late Carboniferous period,the North China Craton(NCC)was exposed and experienced prolonged weathering that resulted in the formation of large-scale iron,clay and bauxite deposits. The source of ore-forming material has always been a research focus,in particular,whether the sources of the iron ore and the Fe-bearing clay at the bottom of Benxi Formation are the same as the upper bauxite and clay deposit is still unclear. In this study,the Da'an bauxite and clay deposit at the southern margin of the NCC was chosen to carry out a detailed analysis of the micro-region mineral composition and elemental geochemical characteristics for further exploring the sources of iron,bauxite and clay deposits. The composition of the ore-bearing rocks in the Da'an bauxite deposit from the bottom to top includes Fe-bearing clay(locally iron ore),bauxite,and bauxitic clay;locally,in karstic uplift,bauxitic clay layer is directly overlying on the Fe-bearing clay. The Fe-bearing clay is dominated by siderite,pyrite,and illite in the karstic depression,and hematite,illite,and kaolinite in the uplift. Bauxite is mainly composed of diaspore,illite,and anatase,while bauxitic clay is mainly composed of illite. Mineral microanalysis revealed the development of large amounts of moissanite and small amounts of natural silica,silicalite,and chromite at the bottom of bauxitic clay layer. Regional comparison and correlation reveal that the ophiolite in the Shangdan suture zone and Erlangping Group in the North Qinling orogenic belt(NQOB)likely provides source materials for bauxite and clay deposits. The obvious differences in immobile element ratios (e.g., Zr/TiO₂,Hf/TiO₂,Nb/TiO₂,Ta/TiO₂)between the bottom Fe-bearing clay layer and the upper bauxite and clay layer in Da'an deposit,revealing that they are from different sources. The bottom Fe-bearing clay and iron ore layers are the products of in-situ weathering of underlying carbonates,while the top bauxite and clay are allochthonous. The regional uplift of the NQOB during the Late Carboniferous period provided important ore-forming materials for the formation of the NCC bauxite and clay deposits.     

The Siberian lithosphere traverse: mantle terranes and the assembly of the Siberian Craton

The kimberlite fields scattered across the NE part of the Siberian Craton have been used to map the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), as it existed during Devonian to Late Jurassic time, along a 1000-km traverse NE–SW across the Archean Magan and Anabar provinces and into the Proterozoic Olenek Province. 4100 garnets and 260 chromites from 65 kimberlites have been analysed by electron probe (major elements) and proton microprobe (trace elements). These data, and radiometric ages on the kimberlites, have been used to estimate the position of the local (paleo)geotherm and the thickness of the lithosphere, and to map the detailed distribution of specific rock types and mantle processes in space and time. A low geotherm, corresponding approximately to the 35 mW/m² conductive model of Pollack and Chapman [Tectonophysics 38, 279–296, 1977], characterised the Devonian lithosphere beneath the Magan and Anabar crustal provinces. The Devonian geotherm beneath the northern part of the area was higher, rising to near a 40 mW/m² conductive model. Areas intruded by Mesozoic kimberlites are generally characterised by this higher, but still ‘cratonic' geotherm. Lithosphere thickness at the time of kimberlite intrusion varied from ca. 190 to ca. 240 km beneath the Archean Magan and Anabar provinces, but was less (150–180 km) beneath the Proterozoic Olenek Province already in Devonian time. Thinner Devonian lithosphere (140 km) in parts of this area may be related to Riphean rifting. Near the northern end of the traverse, differences in geotherm, lithosphere thickness and composition between the Devonian Toluopka area and the nearby Mesozoic kimberlite fields suggest thinning of the lithosphere by ca. 50–60 km, related to Devonian rifting and Triassic magmatism. A major conclusion of this study is that the crustal terrane boundaries defined by geological mapping and geophysical data (extended from outcrops in the Anabar Shield) represent major lithospheric sutures, which continue through the upper mantle and juxtapose lithospheric domains that differ significantly in composition and rock-type distribution between 100 and 250 km depth. The presence of significant proportions of harzburgitic and depleted lherzolitic garnets beneath the Magan and Anabar provinces is concordant with their Archean surface geology. The lack of harzburgitic garnets, and the chemistry of the lherzolitic garnets, beneath most of the other fields are consistent with the Proterozoic surface rocks. Mantle sections for different terranes within the Archean portion of the craton show pronounced differences in bulk composition, rock-type distribution, metasomatic overprint and lithospheric thickness. These observations suggest that individual crustal terranes, of both Archean and Proterozoic age, had developed their own lithospheric roots, and that these differences were preserved during the Proterozoic assembly of the craton. Data from kimberlite fields near the main Archean–Proterozoic suture (the Billyakh Shear Zone) suggest that reworking and mixing of Archean and Proterozoic mantle was limited to a zone less than 100 km wide.     

山西五台山地区太古宙条带状铁建造地球化学特征及成因

五台山地区是中国典型的太古宙条带状铁建造发育区。 系统的稀土、微量元素地球化学研究结果表明, 本区条带状铁建造稀土元素组成与北美页岩相比, 具明显的正铕异常, HREE相对富集, 而Zr、Ba、Sr、Pb等属酸性岩类强烈富集的不相容元素,相对于 上陆壳明显亏损, 结合现代海底热流沉积地球化学的研究成果,认为本区条带状铁建造为古海底热流化学沉积作用的产物, 其形成与五台山地区太古宙基性火山活动密切相关。     

Methylhopane biomarker hydrocarbons in Hamersley Province sediments provide evidence for Neoarchean aerobiosis

Bacteriohopanepolyols with A-ring methyl substituents are bacterial lipid biomarkers that are presently known to originate from just a few specific taxa. When preserved in ancient rocks, the fossilized hydrocarbon skeletons of these molecules have the potential to provide biogeochemical records of those taxa and their respective physiologies. Considering both their occurrences in modern organisms, and their Proterozoic and Phanerozoic sedimentary distributions, hopanes carrying 2-methyl or 3-methyl substituents are proposed to be derived from cyanobacteria and oxygen-respiring methanotrophs, respectively. Here we report the distribution of methylhopanes in 2.72–2.56 billion-year-old, Neoarchean rocks from the Hamersley Province on the Pilbara Craton. The relative abundance of C₃₁-3β-methylhopane, but not that of C₃₁-2α-methylhopane, shows a strong correlation to the carbon isotopic composition of co-occurring kerogen (insoluble particulate organic matter). The unanticipated nature of this relationship provides evidence for a shallow-water locus of carbon cycling through aerobic oxidation of CH₄ and, coincidentally, a means to demonstrate biomarker syngenicity. 2α-Methylhopanes are most abundant in both shale and carbonate from shallow-water sediments, and a positive correlation to carbonate abundance, contrasts to variable, but generally lower, 2α-methylhopane abundances of deeper water facies. These observations are consistent with their origin from cyanobacteria which were likely the cornerstone of microbial communities in shallow-water ecosystems providing molecular oxygen, fixed carbon, and possibly fixed nitrogen.     

Plate motions and the viscosity structure of the mantle — Insights from numerical modelling

We use sulfur (S) isotope signatures within ancient sediments and a photochemical model of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) photolysis to interpret the evolution of the atmosphere over the first half of Earth's history. A decrease in mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionation has been reported in Archean rocks deposited between ~ 2.7 Ga and ~ 3.2 Ga, and is reinforced by new S isotope data that we report here. This pattern has been interpreted by some as evidence that atmospheric oxygen (O₂) was elevated during this time. In this paper, we argue against that conclusion, and show that it is inconsistent with other geochemical data. In its place, we propose a new model that can explain the sulfur isotope record that can also avoid conflicts with independent constraints on O₂ and account for concurrent glacial deposits. Specifically, we suggest that prior to the rise of O₂ excursions in the sulfur isotope record were modulated by the thickness of an organic haze. This haze would have blocked the lower atmosphere from the UV fluxes responsible for the anomalous sulfur photochemistry and would have caused an anti-greenhouse effect that triggered the glaciations. We used a photochemical model to verify that a haze could have affected the isotopic signal in this manner, and to examine how changes in atmospheric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations could have controlled haze thickness. Finally, we combined the resulting relationships with climate models and sulfur isotope and glacial records to deduce a new evolutionary sequence for Archean climate, surface chemistry, and biology.     

The gravity and isostatic Moho in North China Craton and their implications to seismicity

The Bouguer gravity is the combination of field sources in different depths. Based on the multi-scale analysis of the Bouguer gravity, we can get the gravity anomaly caused by the Moho undulation. This study presents the various orders of approximation of gravity anomaly in North China Craton (NCC), the possible source depths with radial logarithmic power spectrum, and the relationship between the deep structure and gravity anomaly. Furthermore, we discuss the isostatic compensation about the Moho depth from gravity and deep seismic sounding profiles (DSS). The results show that: (1) the fourth approximation could have resulted from the Moho undulation, (2) in contrast to the isostatic Moho, the inverted gravity Moho and the DSS Moho show that most of NCC has been isostatically compensated, and (3) the isostatic compensation rate has some close relation to the seismicity.     

Experimental studies of melt-peridotite reactions at 1–2 GPa and 1250–1400°C and their implications for transforming the nature of lithospheric mantle and for high-Mg signatures in adakitic rocks

Experiments of the melt-peridotite reaction at pressures of 1 and 2 GPa and temperatures of 1250–1400°C have been carried out to understand the nature of the peridotite xenoliths in the Mesozoic high-Mg diorites and basalts of the North China Craton,and further to elucidate the processes in which the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle in this region was transformed.We used Fuxin alkali basalt,Feixian alkali basalt,and Xu-Huai hornblende-garnet pyroxenite as starting materials for the reacting melts,and lherzolite xenoliths and synthesized harzburgite as starting materials for the lithospheric mantle.The experimental results indicate that:(1)the reactions between basaltic melts and lherzolite and harzburgite at 1–2 GPa and 1300–1400°C tended to dissolve pyroxene and precipitate low-Mg#olivine(Mg#=83.6–89.3),forming sequences of dunite-lherzolite(D-L)and duniteharzburgite(D-H),respectively;(2)reactions between hornblende-garnet pyroxenite and lherzolite at 1 GPa and 1250°C formed a D-H sequence,whereas reactions at 2 GPa and 1350°C formed orthopyroxenite layers and lherzolite;and(3)the reaction between a partial melt of hornblende-garnet pyroxenite and harzburgite resulted in a layer of orthopyroxenite at the boundary of the pyroxenite and harzburgite.The reacted melts have higher MgO abundances than the starting melts,demonstrating that the melt-peridotite reactions are responsible for the high-Mg#signatures of andesites or adakitic rocks.Our experimental results support the proposition that the abundant peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths in western Shandong and the southern Taihang Mountains might have experienced multiple modifications in reaction to a variety of melts.We suggest that melt-peridotite reactions played important roles in transforming the nature of the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle in the region of the North China Craton.     

华北克拉通及东邻西太平洋活动大陆边缘地区的P波速度结构：对岩石圈减薄动力学过程的探讨

本文通过地震层析成像研究获得了华北克拉通及其东邻地区（30°N-50°N,95°E -145°E）1°×1°的P波速度扰动图像.结果显示,在西太平洋俯冲带地区,上地幔中西倾的板片状高速异常体与其上方的低速异常区构成俯冲带与上覆地幔楔的典型速度结构式样.俯冲板片高速体在约300~400 km深度范围内被低速物质充填,暗示俯冲板片可能发生了断离.在华北克拉通地区的上地幔中发现三个东倾排列的高速异常带.在此基础上,本文构建了华北克拉通及其东邻西太平洋活动大陆边缘地区的上地幔速度结构模式图,并据此探讨克拉通岩石圈减薄与西太平洋活动大陆边缘的深部动力学联系.本文认为,太平洋板片的俯冲（断离）,触发热地幔物质上涌并在上覆地幔楔中形成对流,使克拉通岩石圈受到改造（底侵与弱化）.随着俯冲板片后撤,地幔楔中的对流场以及对岩石圈改造的影响范围均随之东移,最终导致华北克拉通岩石圈自下而上、从西向东分三个阶段依次拆沉减薄.这一模式能很好地解释现今克拉通岩石圈自西向东呈台阶状减薄的深部现象.