Coeval versus reciprocal mixed carbonate–siliciclastic deposition, Middle Devonian Baltic Basin, Eastern Europe: implications from the regional tectonic development

The Middle Devonian Narva succession in the Baltic Basin represents a significant turnaround in the history of the basin. The detailed study of core and outcrop sections and the three‐dimensional correlations across the Baltic Basin reveal a carbonate‐dominated, mixed retrogressive succession, overlain by a siliciclastic‐dominated, progradational succession. The palaeogeographic reconstructions show how the shallow, tide‐influenced basin expanded from south‐west to north‐east and, later during the transgression, also to the north, south and east. The transgressive portion of the basin fill is dominated by carbonate‐rich sabkha and supratidal to intertidal deposits on the basin margins, and subtidal carbonates in the basin centre. Siliciclastic material was derived by tidal currents and storm waves from the south‐west through a tidal inlet and flood‐tidal delta complex. This initial transgressive phase is characterized by the lack of subsidence or even episodic uplifts in the northern/north‐western part of the basin margin, shown by convergence of timelines and the thin (30 m) transgressive succession. In contrast, on the southern margin, the facies associations stack vertically into a 70 to 80 m thick succession, indicating significantly higher subsidence rates. The upper part of the transgressive phase indicates subsidence across the whole basin. The upper, progradational portion of the basin fill is dominated by coarse, siliciclastic, tide‐influenced deltaic deposits that rapidly prograded from north‐west to south‐east. This detailed study on the Narva succession shows that siliciclastic and carbonate deposition was coeval and that mixing occurred at different temporal and spatial scales. The mixing was controlled by grain‐size, volume and location of siliciclastic input rather than relative sea‐level changes as suggested in widely used reciprocal mixing models. It is suggested that the forebulge of the Scandinavian Caledonian fold‐and‐thrust belt migrated to the north‐western margin of the Baltic Basin during the earliest Eifelian, as indicated by the lack of subsidence and probable uplift in the northern/north‐western margin during the early transgressive phase. The forebulge migration ceased although the forebulge had already started to subside during the later stages of the transgressive phase. The deltaic progradation is interpreted to be associated with the orogenic collapse and uplift in the Scandinavian Caledonides that caused the erosion of the foreland basin fill and the coarse sediment transport into the Baltic Basin.     

Taconic Orogeny in Pennsylvania: A 15 –20 m.y. Apennine-style Ordovician event viewed from its Martic hinterland

In Pennsylvania, the Taconic Orogeny lasted from 461 to 443 Ma as Cambro-Ordovician slope deposits were deformed into mountains edging the Laurentian craton at the same time that materials from an adjacent deep-water basin were being transported 50 –70 km across a carbonate platform into foreland basins. This paper focuses on shelf-edge hinterland features, mostly the Martic Zone as a folded, stack of imbricate thrust sheets of slope materials that corresponds to Vermont's Taconic Mountains and Southern Quebec's zone of Taconic allochthons. Work of the last century is summarized, corrected, and combined with a new 450 Ma radiometric date and fluid inclusion data from the Pequea Mine within the Martic Zone. These and abundant new graptolite and conodont dates in the foreland paint a revised Pennsylvania picture differing from the northern Taconic areas. Differences are: (1) transport of very large allochthonous masses of deep-water material, the Dauphin Formation, far across the carbonate platform, and (2) deformation migrating progressively across that platform during a 15 –20 m.y. period, incorporating it and its foreland cover into alpine-scale, recumbent folds and thrusts. The scenario has many analogies to Italy's modern Apennine Mountains minus the Latian volcanics.     

Comparison of Fry strain ellipse and AMS ellipsoid trends to tectonic fabric trends in very low-strain sandstone of the Appalachian fold–thrust belt

In moderately to highly strained sandstones, both the long axis of the bedding-parallel finite-strain ellipse, as calculated by the normalized Fry method, and the projection of the long axis of the AMS ellipsoid on the plane of bedding, align well with local “structural grain” (trends of cleavage, folds, and faults). This relationship implies that results of both 2D Fry and AMS analyses represent the local layer-parallel tectonic strain component. Do both methods provide comparable results for very low-strain sandstone (e.g., <5%)? To address this question, Fry and AMS analyses were conducted in very low-strain sandstone from two localities in the Appalachian foreland fold–thrust belt: near Rosendale in New York and the Lackawanna synclinorium of Pennsylvania. We compared the map projections of both bedding-parallel Fry ellipses and AMS ellipsoids to the local structural grain. In both study areas, projections of the long axis of Fry strain ellipses do not cluster in a direction parallel to structural grain, whereas the projection of the long axes of AMS ellipsoids do cluster closely to structural grain. This observation implies that in very low-strain sandstone, AMS analysis provides a more sensitive “quick” indicator of tectonic fabric than does normalized Fry analysis.     

浊积扇体系沉积微相对物性及成岩控制的定量研究——以鄂尔多斯盆地ZH40区块为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地ZH40区块水下浊积扇沉积体系为例,根据储层物性、铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜和X-衍射分析等资料,定量研究水下浊积扇沉积体系沉积微相对物性和成岩的控制作用。分析表明:从水下扇的扇根到扇中,再到扇缘,矿物成分成熟度呈先增加后降低的趋势,扇中微相的长石砂岩最为发育,成分成熟度和结构成熟度最好;在水下扇浊积体系中,扇中微相砂体的溶蚀作用和次生孔隙最为发育;扇根、扇中和扇缘微相砂体机械压实作用引起的孔隙度损失程度接近,而扇根和扇缘微相砂体的胶结作用强烈。储集层成岩作用研究和孔隙度预测中,必须考虑沉积微相的控制作用。     

关于敦化盆地下白垩统的讨论

前人根据敦化盆地的地层的地层,认为该盆地下白垩统为河流—湖泊相碎屑岩。通过对新钻的敦参1井岩屑录井资料的分析、对16条二维地震资料的层位标定与追踪,以及对敦化盆地早白垩世盆地演化阶段的分析,得到了以下主要结论:1)敦化盆地下白垩统可能有两种分布形态,在盆地的主体部位,以浅变质岩形态存在,而在其他部位则以正常沉积岩形态零星存在;2)敦化盆地白垩系的分布规模不大,夹持于一个北北东向的狭窄长槽内;3)敦化盆地早白垩世处于裂谷盆地发展的初始张裂阶段;4)敦化盆地下白垩统不宜作为勘探目的层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪西界分析

鄂尔多斯盆地西界,特别是其早—中侏罗世盆地西界,由于不同期次、不同性质的构造相互叠加而模糊不清,究竟是在贺兰山以西还是现在银川盆地以东的问题,至今尚无共识,极大地影响着矿产资源的评价和找矿战略的部署。本文在前人工作的基础上,通过针对性的野外工作,分析和筛分了不同时期的古构造,探讨了晚侏罗世和早—中侏罗世盆地的西界。文章认为,鄂尔多斯盆地西部巨大的近南北向挤压构造形成于晚侏罗世,而东西向的挤压构造则出现于晚三叠世。两期方向截然不同的挤压构造相互叠加,构成了鄂尔多斯盆地西部复杂的叠加构造和不规则的盆地西界。晚期挤压构造较为清晰,表现为近南北向的逆冲推覆构造带和纵贯盆地南北的“古脊梁”,使盆地西界退缩到桌子山东麓断裂、横山堡—磁窑堡断褶带以及马儿庄冲断裂和崆峒山断裂以东。早期挤压构造受后期构造的叠加改造,断断续续,时隐时现。近东西向挤压构造受古亚洲域的影响,是印支运动的产物,近南北向挤压构造转受滨太平洋域的作用,是燕山运动的表现。在古亚洲域向太平洋域转换过程中的早—中侏罗世,鄂尔多斯盆地西部出现了近东西向的拉张伸展,在盆地内部表现为近东西向隆起凹陷的古地形,使盆地西缘波状弯曲,而非平直,“银川古隆起”和“汝箕沟—鄂尔多斯盆地”两者并存,并不矛盾。早—中侏罗世盆地西界可能远至阿拉善地块。上述中生代构造又经新生代构造改造,变得更加复杂多样,甚至面目全非。如不注意构造筛分,中生代构造乃至盆地边界的研究就会被误导,从而得出错误结论。     

准噶尔盆地天然气成藏体系和成藏过程分析

准噶尔盆地目前已发现的天然气以中—小型的中浅层晚期次生气藏为主。研究表明,以区域盖层上三叠统白碱滩组泥岩为界可划分为下部近源原生天然气成藏体系和上部远源次生天然气成藏体系,前者一般具有异常高压的特征,后者则具有正常的压力系统。通过对盆地东部地区、腹部地区、西北缘地区、莫索湾凸起天然气成藏过程的解剖获得了比较一致的认识,即上部次生天然气是在下部原生天然气的改造和调整的基础上形成的,下部天然气成藏体系的原生大—中型天然气藏是未来准噶尔盆地天然气的勘探方向。值得注意的是南缘冲断带的上部成藏体系既有源自侏罗系煤系烃源岩的原生天然气聚集,又伴随有次生天然气藏的形成。     

柴达木盆地东北部新近纪构造旋转及其意义

青藏高原东北缘构造变形的研究是认识高原隆起过程、机制和印度—欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的重要途径。柴达木盆地是印度－欧亚板块碰撞后南北向挤压应力为动力背景的高原东北部内陆盆地,沉积物主要来自于周边山地,完整的保存了新生代以来高原隆升的详细记录。通过柴达木盆地东北部瑙格剖面精细古地磁及构造旋转研究发现,20.1～15.1Ma以及15.1～8.2Ma柴达木盆地分别发生了9.7°±7.4°和6.4°±4.4°的顺时针旋转,约8.2Ma后,柴达木盆地东北部瑙格地区发生了16°±7.5°的逆时针快速旋转。通过分析认为,前两次的顺时针构造旋转事件可能与阿尔金断裂的左旋走滑有关。而约82Ma以来的逆时针旋转事件属于柴达木盆地东北部瑙格地区的局部旋转,可能与温泉断裂的右旋走滑有关,说明青藏高原东北部在昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山三条巨型断裂系左旋相对运动的宏观控制下形成的NNW向温泉右旋走滑断裂开始走滑的年代为约8Ma。     

吐哈盆地低熟气评价的化学动力学方法及其应用

针对目前尚无公认的有效方法评价低熟气生成量的难题,本文从低熟气的（低温）热成因机理出发,认为被广泛、成功应用于成熟的热成因天然气生成量评价的化学动力学理论仍然应该是评价低熟气生成量的有效方法。在此基础上,建立并标定了吐哈盆地代表性泥岩、煤岩干酪根成气的化学动力学模型,与可能部分成为低熟气先质的非烃、沥青质的化学动力学模型一起,构成了评价低熟气生成量的方法。标定结果表明,盆地内有机质成气的平均活化能低于其成油的活化能,而且成气过程中低活化能组分的含量也高于成油过程。这可能正是吐哈盆地的有机质在大量生油之前的低成熟阶段,能开始规模性地生成低熟气、从而导致工业性的低熟气聚集的内因所在。应用表明,吐哈盆地低熟气的总生成量可观,达到632．15×10^11 m^3,而且生气强度较高,最高达到100×10^8m^3／km^2以上。吐哈盆地低熟气资源量约为3．16×10^11～12．62×10^11 m^3。可见,盆地内低熟气具有可观的勘探潜力。本文所建立的方法应该可被推广应用到其他含低熟气盆地的低熟气的评价当中。     

松辽盆地三肇凹陷葡萄花油层油-水分布规律及控制因素

基于近4500口探井和开发井动态及静态资料,对三肇凹陷葡萄花油层平面和纵向油-水分布规律进行了研究,发现南、北区油-水分布存在差异.北区油主要分布在断裂密集带上,断裂带之间的构造低部位断层密度低,主要富集水,垂向上具有下水上油的分布特征;南区油大面积连片,垂向上具有全井纯油的特征.造成这种差异的原因是南、北区断层成因机制不同导致控藏机理的根本不同.北区断裂为构造成因,是在近东两向拉张应力场中受斜向裂陷作用影响形成的张扭断裂密集带,断裂活动诱导超压释放和流体排放,油源供给不足;南区发育非构造成因的多边断层,超握诱导断层活动释放流体,油源供给充足.