Multivariant statistical analysis for diagenetic information of chert from southern Tibet，China

There are large scale chert formations of different ages exposed widely in southern Tibet,along Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone. The typical chert specimens were sampled from Pengcuolin,Xialu and Zongzhuo profiles. Multivariate statistical analysis is applied for effectively extracting the geochemical information of the chert,and the raw data are processed by R-factor analysis. The first,second and third factors representing terrigenous,authigenic and hydrothermal constituents are extracted from the analysis results. From Pengcuolin,Xialu to Zongzhuo chert profiles,the variance ratios of continental and authigenetic factors become higher(51.1%→62.9%→91.6%),while hydrothermal factor rapidly decrease(40.9%→32.2%→0) . This tendency also present in the analysis for trace elements,indicating that Pengcuolin chert is hydrothermal origin,The Zongzhuo chert belong to normal sedimentation and the Xialu chert exhibit normal deposition interacted with hydrothermal sedimentation. The facts provide significant implications for understanding the diagenetic and palaeomineralization information of southern Tibet.     

东秦岭二郎坪群硅质岩地球化学特征及其沉积环境意义

东秦岭二郎坪群硅质岩成因分析对二郎坪群形成环境和构造背景研究具有重要意义。通过对二郎坪群中3类硅质岩地质特征、岩石地球化学特征（w(SiO₂)=61.35%~96.01%、N(Si)/N(Al)=2.77~51.53）研究,认为二郎坪群硅质岩为非纯硅质岩;稀土元素的配分模式和特征值（∑REE、∑LREE、∑HREE、δCe、δEu)、常量元素含量（w(Al₂O₃)、w(TiO₂)）和微量元素含量（w(Nb)、w(Rb)、w(Th)）的分析表明研究区硅质岩是热水成因型,但受陆源物质成分影响,陆缘物源对南阳盆地西硅质岩影响较大。地球化学综合分析揭示二郎坪群硅质岩产出于不同海相沉积环境,南阳盆地西硅质岩形成于大陆边缘海环境,而盆地以东硅质岩形成于远洋盆地环境,证实了二郎坪群形成于弧后盆地构造环境。     

滇西昌宁更戛乡下泥盆统向阳寺组硅质岩地球化学特征及构造环境探讨

滇西昌宁更戛乡下泥盆统向阳寺组位于冈瓦纳大陆与泛华夏大陆间昌宁—孟连结合带北段西侧。文章首次发现向阳寺组中存在硅质岩,并对其硅质岩的地球化学特征等进行了深入研究。硅质岩中发育海百合茎、放射虫及硅藻。地球化学分析表明,向阳寺组硅质岩Si O2质量分数为85.43%~93.50%,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)平均值为0.77,处于生物成因范畴;硅质岩稀土元素分析结果为其REE总量平均值为53.208×10-6,稀土元素北美页岩标准化配分曲线相对平坦,δCe平均值为1.02,δEu平均值为1.01,LaN/CeN平均值为0.99,LaN/YbN平均值为0.84,表明硅质岩形成于近大陆边缘的深海沉积环境。随着早泥盆世昌宁—孟连洋的快速扩张,保山地块边缘区域性同沉积断裂发育,造成了更戛乡向阳寺组大面积的硅质岩沉积。结合硅质岩地球化学特征的分析与古生物研究,认为更戛乡向阳寺组硅质岩属冈瓦纳大陆保山地块边缘亲昌宁—孟连古特提斯洋的深海沉积的产物。     

南秦岭勉略蛇绿混杂岩带硅质岩沉积环境研究

硅质岩是南秦岭勉略构造带中分布较广泛的一种岩石类型，其形成环境的确定对勉略造山带的沉积环境、盆地格局和构造演化的分析具有重要意义．根据对沉积组合、主要元素、稀土元素地球化学组成等方面的综合分析，认为南秦岭勉略带硅质岩形成于大陆边缘环境，其地球化学组成以富含ＳｉＯ２，贫Ｆｅ２Ｏ３，ＭｇＯ，Ａｌ２Ｏ３，以及较低的ΣＲＥＥ质量分数和具微弱的Ｃｅ负异常为特征．     

藏北双湖地区才多茶卡一带构造混杂岩中发现晚泥盆世和晚二叠世放射虫硅质岩

报道了在西藏北部双湖才多茶卡地区新发现的晚泥盆世和晚二叠世放射虫硅质岩,实测剖面的第9层硅质岩以产Neoalbaillella动物群为特征,其中N.ormithoformis,N.optima是晚二叠世长兴阶的2个带化石;第14层硅质岩以产Entactinids动物群为特征,其中Stigmosphaerostylusoumonhaoensis,Triloneheechinata,Archocyrtiumriedeli等主要见于晚泥盆世法门阶。上述2个动物群在西藏尚属首次发现。才多茶卡地区晚古生代放射虫硅质岩的发现为重新认识双湖构造混杂岩带的形成时代、构造环境、“构造带是否东延”等重大地质问题,提供了新的重要资料。     

Characteristics of Rare Earth and Trace Element Patterns in Bedded Cherts from the Bottom of the Lower Cambrian in the Northern Tarim Basin, Northwest China and Their Genetic Significance

The sedimentary sequence of the Lower Cambrian is a key interval to reveal the early evolution history of the Earth and there occur widespread cherts worldwide. These cherts possibly carry important information to decipher the breakup process of the Rodinia Continent. Black rock series at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian in the Northern Tarim Basin, China, is composed of black shales interbedded with thin-bedded cherts. Ten chert samples were systematically collected from two outcrops at Xiaoerbulak and Sogatbulak, 8.8 and 7.5 m thick respectively. The cherts were crushed, and were analyzed for trace element and rare earth concentrations. Trace elements such as V, Cu, Zn, U, Pb, Ba, Cd, Ag, Mo,As and Sb are highly enriched, and others such as Rb, Zr, Cs, Hf, Ta, W, T1, Bi and Th are highly depleted in the cherts.These trace element patterns suggest that the cherts may be of deep crustal origin. The low ratios of Th/U and Rb/Sr further suggest that the cherts are of earth interior sources or received hydrothermal input during their deposition. Chondritenormalized Eu/Eu* value markedly decreases upward in the section from 5.54 at the lowermost to 0.73 at the top, and NASC-normalized Eu/Eu* value decreases from 8.05 to 1.03. The relatively high Eu/Eu* ratio for the cherts from the northern Tarim Basin is most likely due to a hydrothermal input (e.g., Eu/Eu*-10). The systematic decrease of Eu/Eu* ratio from the bottom to the top of the section reflects that the hydrothermal input is the largest in the lowermost portion of the section and gradually decreases upward. The chondrite-normalized Ce/Ce* ratio ranges from 0.42 to 0.83, with an average of 0.60. North American Shale Composite (NASC)-normalized Ce/Ce* ratio ranges from 0.42 to 0.79, with an average of 0.57. Negative Ce anomalies are distinct. EREEs in the cherts generally increase from 10.50 ppm at the bottom to 35.97 ppm at the top of the sampled section. NASC-normalized (La/Lu)N ratio decreases from 2.72 at the bottom to 0.67 at the top. NASC-normalized (La/Ce)N ratio increases from 1.36 at the bottom to 3.13 at the top. These REE patterns are very similar to those for the cherts deposited in the pelagic ocean-basin floor in the Franciscan Complex exposed at Marin Headlands, California (F-MH chert) (Murray et al., 1991). These geochemical signatures are inconsistent with our previous sedimentological data, which suggests a continental shelf setting. Based on multiple lines of evidence including high TOC content in the concomitant black shales, phosphorite at the bottom of black rock series, regional rise of sea level,and beginning of the southern Tianshan Ocean geotectonic cycle, the authors infer that the hydrothermal fluid was carried to the continental shelf by upwelling from a divergent pelagic ocean floor setting.     

岩体应力应变曲线转型的孔压效应与降雨滑坡的机制分析

从宏观与微观机制方面探讨了孔隙水压力对岩体脆－延性转变的影响。定义了一个峰后破坏割线模量Epost来表征孔隙水压力对岩体应力应变曲线转型的效应,并结合突变理论得到的斜坡失稳的刚度判据,进一步分析了孔隙水压力对应力应变曲线峰后斜率的影响,随孔隙水压力的增加,峰后曲线斜率变陡,峰后刚度增大,即材料的均匀性、脆性增大与刚度比k减小。因此在系统内部条件不变时,刚度比k=1时就存在一个临界孔隙水压力pwcritical,即降雨等涨落因素引起滑面介质中的孔隙水压力大于这个临界值时斜坡就易于发生突变失稳。从而深化认识了降雨等外部涨落因素对斜坡系统失稳的重要触发作用。     

塔里木盆地西北缘埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪转折期黑色岩系中硅质岩成因及其环境指示意义

埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪转折期是地质历史上的关键期,全球范围内普遍发育一套黑色岩系,包括硅质岩、泥岩和白云岩。在这套黑色岩系中下部,发育了不同厚度的硅质岩,尤其是在塔里木盆地西北缘,黑白燧石条带韵律性互层且硅质岩分布变化大,其成因对寒武系玉尔吐斯组优质烃源岩形成环境具有重要指示意义。本文以塔西北地区新柯地1井这套黑色岩系中硅质岩为研究对象,运用岩芯观察、镜下薄片鉴定、主微量元素和稀土元素分析,研究硅质岩与有机质的成因及其二者之间的共生机理,硅质岩较高的Ti、V、Y、Ba等元素含量、较低的δ30Si值(1. 2‰~0. 7‰)、明显的Ce负异常说明其硅质流体为热液来源,但是硅质岩不是热液脉体侵入形成,而是富含硅质的流体与冰冷的海水混合沉积而成,硅质岩沉积受温度、pH值、有机质等因素共同控制,有机质的存在可以促进硅质沉淀。同时系统地研究了黑白燧石条带韵律性互层的成因,白色层由纯的微晶石英组成,而黑色层由碎屑碳质颗粒、石英颗粒和碳质纹层组成,认为是微生物席活动的结果,硅质岩中黑白燧石层受冰期和间冰期控制。硅质岩中较高的Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)比值和较低的Lan/Cen比值代表受陆源影响的大陆边缘沉积环境,结合古气候、海平面变化等信息,认为塔西北地区寒武系玉尔吐斯组硅质岩以及硅质页岩沉积于局限海湾或潟湖环境,为正确认识硅质页岩的形成环境和烃源岩的评价预测提供理论指导。     

扬子板块西北缘热水沉积硅质岩稀土元素配分模式的影响因素

本文对四川省若尔盖县北部-甘肃省迭部县中-下志留统(兰多维列统(Llandovery)-温洛克统(Wenlock))富有机质热水沉积硅质岩及下伏震旦系火山岩进行了以稀土元素地球化学为主的研究,目的是探讨热水沉积硅质岩稀土元素来源及其配分模式的主要控制因素,并建立相应模式图。主要对1个钻孔、2个剖面共28件硅质岩的岩相学、扫描电镜、稀土元素(重点)特征,1个剖面的14件火山岩的主量元素、稀土元素(重点)特征进行了研究。黑色热水沉积硅质岩的岩相学、扫描电镜分析显示,其具有典型的沉积构造特征,后期弱变质;下伏震旦系火山岩样品的TAS图显示其主要为酸性火山岩,少量为基性火山岩。结合前人研究成果,对下伏震旦系火山岩与上覆地层中早-中志留世热水沉积硅质岩的稀土元素对比分析后发现:(1)张性构造环境是产生热水沉积硅质岩的动力学因素,而热水沉积硅质岩稀土元素主要来源于热水流体、古海水(混有陆源物质)、下伏地层中的稀土元素。(2)热水沉积硅质岩的稀土元素的相对丰度中存在一个阈值(或区间):在这个阈值之下,轻稀土元素(LREEs)配分模式及含量与热水流体一致,而重稀土元素(HREEs)配分模式与下伏火山岩的重稀土元素配分模式一致;在这个阈值之上,轻稀土元素(LREEs)配分模式则主要显示了与热水流体混合的古海水(混入有陆源物质)的特征,此时的热水沉积硅质岩的轻稀土元素配分模式及含量与平均上地壳的轻稀土元素配分模式一致,而重稀土元素(HREEs)配分模式仍然与下伏火山岩的重稀土元素配分模式一致。因此,在一定条件下热水沉积硅质岩可以指示古沉积构造环境。     

Diagenesis of spiculites and carbonates in a Permian temperate ramp succession – Tempelfjorden Group,Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway

This paper explores little investigated diagenesis of spicule‐dominated sediments, based on Permian spiculites and cool‐water carbonates of the Tempelfjorden Group in central Spitsbergen. Field observations, petrography, stable isotope geochemistry, and mineralogical and chemical analyses reveal that the strata have been subjected to multistage diagenesis as the result of silica phase transitions at medium burial depths and deep‐burial overprinting. The growth of silica concretions occurred during the opal‐A/opal‐CT conversion and was controlled by the content and distribution of clay and spicules in the sediment, resulting in a variety of megascopic silica fabrics. Opal‐CT was subsequently dissolved, and all silica is now in a stable quartz stage. Petrographically, the rocks are characterized by a variety of chalcedony and quartz cements which perfectly preserve precursor textures. Most cements precipitated from silica‐oversaturated fluids, and their shapes reflect the silica saturation state and geometry of the pore space. Some microquartz and cryptoquartz also formed by a solid–solid inversion (recrystallization) of chalcedony. The cements have δ ¹⁸O values between +30‰ and +20‰ Standard Mean Ocean Water and display a systematic depletion in ¹⁸O from the first to the last crystallized, interpreted to reflect a gradual increase in temperature during burial. The precipitation of quartz cements started in the Middle Triassic when the strata passed the 19°C isotherm at burial depths of ca 600 m, and was completed in the mid‐Cretaceous, 2·3 km beneath the sea floor at temperatures of 75°C. Late diagenetic overprinting of the chert includes fracturing, brecciation and cementation with carbonate cements having δ ¹⁸O values between +2‰ and −30‰ Pee Dee Belemnite and δ ¹³C values between +4‰ and −14‰ Pee Dee Belemnite; they are linked to hot solutions introduced during Cretaceous volcanism or Palaeogene tectonism. This study illustrates the diagenetic pathway during burial of spicule‐rich sediments in a closed system and thereby provides a baseline for studies of more complexly altered chert deposits.