Tausonite and aluminum-fluorine titanite from the metamorphosed metalliferous sediments of the Triassic chert formation of the Sikhote Alin

Rare strontium mineral tausonite and a peculiar Al- and F-rich titanite variety were found in the metamorphosed metalliferous sediments of the Triassic chert formation of the Sikhote Alin, which are distinguished by the abundance of native elements, intermetallic compounds, and metal solid solutions, as well as the presence of diverse Au, Ag, and PGE minerals. Tausonite was documented in the manganese (metamorphosed siliceous-rhodochrosite) rocks of the Ol’ga mining district and in the “brown cherts” (siliceous rocks with manganese garnet and spessartine) of the Dal’nerechensk district, Primorye. It forms rather numerous grains 2–10 μm across usually occurring as inclusions in quartz or rhodonite. According to the electron microprobe analysis, in addition to Sr, Ti, and O, the mineral contains only Fe³⁺ (up to 0.20 a.f.u.). Aluminum-fluorine titanite was found in the “brown cherts” of the Dal’nerechensk district of Primorye (upper reaches of the Gornaya River). Its crystals are up to 200 × 200 μm in size. The recalculation of the microprobe analyses to crystal chemical formulas indicated that up to half of the Ti sites in the structure of this mineral may be occupied by Al. The decrease of the total positive charge owing to the Al³⁺ substitution for tetravalent Ti⁴⁺ is compensated for by a decrease in the total negative charge owing to F^? substitution for O^2? via the scheme Al³⁺F^? → Ti⁴⁺O^2?. The occurrence of considerable amounts of F substituting for oxygen in the titanite structure and, as a consequence (owing to the crystal chemical features of the mineral), the high Al content were related to the reduced character of the metamorphism of the metalliferous deposits.     

西准噶尔构造带包古图地层小区上泥盆统红山梁组的建立及地质意义

西准噶尔构造带包古图地层小区白碱滩北红山梁剖面上新发现一套晚泥盆世红色“硅质岩、粉砂质硅质岩、凝灰质硅质岩”海相沉积组合,与上覆包古图组深灰色—灰黑色含碳粉砂岩呈整合接触。经区域对比确认,该套地层显著有别于研究区乃至整个西准噶尔构造带地层分区已发现的全部上泥盆统各组岩石地层,符合“野外可识别、界面可区别、区域可对比、图面可表达”的原则,据此新建红山梁组。本次于红山梁组枕状玄武岩、玄武岩、安山岩中分别获得365. 9±5. 0 Ma、370. 6±7. 4 Ma和374. 6±3. 6 Ma的LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄,佐证其时代为晚泥盆世。红山梁组与包古图组连续沉积之确认,消除了包古图组老于希贝库拉斯组这一存疑,建立了完整的下石统地层序列,新增了包古图地层小区泥盆纪的沉积记录,为区域沉积与构造演化研究提供了新资料。     

Chemistry and Sulfur Isotopes of the Chert-Clastic Sequence Surrounding the Kajika Massive Sulfide Ores at the Ashio Copper Mine, Ashio Terrane, Central Japan

Abstract. Chemical and sulfur isotopic compositions were obtained for a series of rocks within the chert‐clastic sequence surrounding the Kajika massive sulfide ore horizon at Shibukawasawa in the Ashio copper‐mining district, Ashio Terrane, central Japan. The sequence is lithologically classified into three units: chert, siliceous shale with basic volcanics, and sandstone‐shale, in ascending stratigraphic order. The Kajika ore horizon corresponds to the lowermost part of the unit that contains siliceous shale with basic volcanics. The rocks around the Kajika ore horizon are enriched in P₂O₅ (max. 0.22 %), Ba (max. 2400 ppm), Cu (595 ppm), V (323 ppm), Pb (168 ppm), Zn (124 ppm), and Mo (24 ppm) in siliceous shale; and Ba (4220 ppm), Zr (974 ppm), Cr (718 ppm), Ni (492 ppm), V (362 ppm), Zn (232 ppm), Nb (231 ppm), and Co (71 ppm) in the basic volcanics. The siliceous shale is enriched in a number of redox‐sensitive elements such as Cu, V, Pb, Zn, and Mo, which are known to be enriched in black shale and anoxic and hydrothermal sediments. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides in the chert and sandstone‐shale lie in the range of 0±2 %, and those in the siliceous shale range from ‐5 to ‐14 %. The measured δ³⁴S values in the basic volcanics are ‐0.3, ‐2.7, and ‐31.5 %. These heavier δ³⁴S signatures (around 0 %) recorded throughout the sequence indicate that the rocks formed under anoxic bottom‐water conditions. Slightly lighter δ³⁴S values recorded in siliceous shale might reflect significant mixing of sulfides that formed by sulfate‐reducing bacteria in an overlying oxic environment. The long‐term duration of anoxic conditions indicated by the heavier δ³⁴S signature is considered to have played an important role in protecting the Kajika sulfide ores from oxidative decomposition and preserving the ores in sedimentary accumulations.     

渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩结构特征与成因机理

通过地表剖面测制,主要应用常规显微镜、扫描电子显微镜详细刻画了渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩显微结构特征,分析了硅质岩的硅、氧同位素特征,探讨了硅质岩的成因机理。结果表明:灯影组硅质岩主要由隐晶石英、玉髓、微晶石英及巨晶石英结构元素组成;具有隐晶、微晶和镶嵌3种结构类型。硅质岩中可见有残存的白云石晶体,代表热水沸腾的针状孔较发育;硅质岩和晶洞石英单矿物的δ30 Si值变化范围在-0.6‰~0.8‰,属于热水来源的硅质岩中的δ30Si值范围,δ18 O值为15‰~23.5‰,利用氧同位素计算得出,研究区硅质岩的形成温度主要分布在70~110℃;微量元素和稀土元素特征揭示研究区硅质岩为热水成因,但也受到构造地理位置和海水的影响;硅质岩为热水与海水、沉积与成岩共同作用的产物,形成时间主要在晚震旦世灯影期早寒武世牛蹄塘期。     

皖南晚震旦世硅质岩的成因研究

研究区位于华南下扬子区构造活动带,地层剖面中有火山英安岩,硅质岩中含火山碎屑,它们的存在表明本区在晚震旦世曾发生火山活动并影响沉积物成份。元素分析显示本区硅质岩化学组成与火山成因硅质岩相似,高的Ｂａ含量,具与壳型花岗岩相似的稀土元素分布模式,指示本区硅质岩的硅源可能来自海底火山喷发。文章同时还讨论了硅质的搬运和沉积作用。     

湖北嘉鱼县蛇屋山金矿硅质岩地球化学特征及成矿环境约束

湖北蛇屋山金矿是亚洲最大的红土型金矿,矿区内硅质岩发育,覆于含矿红土层之上,并与硅化灰岩呈渐变过渡。硅质岩主要由微晶和隐晶组成,其SiO2含量为96.87%～97.90%,w(Si)/w(Al)=92.84～287.66,平均值为173,处于纯硅质岩的范畴。硅质岩样品的w(Al)/w(Al+Fe+Mn)为0.189～0.388,平均值为0.303,具热液成因硅质岩的特征。根据Al、Fe、Mn三角图的投点,认为本研究区硅质岩为热液成因硅质岩。微量元素w(Ni)/w(Co)、w(Fe)/w(Ti)、w(Ti)/w(V)、w(U)/w(Th)也说明了硅质岩具有热水沉积成因。w(Ce)/w(Ce*)为1.05～1.27,平均值为1.12,(La/Ce)N为0.84～1.12,平均值为0.98,微量元素V的含量(3.02～4.26μg/g)以及常量元素w(MnO)/w(TiO2)(1.0～2.0)都显示此研究区硅质岩具有大陆边缘硅质岩的特征。结合宏观特征,确定硅质岩有可能形成于卡林型金矿去碳酸盐化阶段,属于热液活动的产物。     

Comment on “Evaluation of palaeo-oxygenation of the ocean bottom cross the Permian–Triassic boundary” by Kakuwa (2008): Was the Late Permian deep-superocean really oxic?

Nearly 15 years after the proposal of the superanoxia concept (Isozaki, Y., 1994. Superanoxia across the Permo–Triassic boundary: record in accreted deep-sea pelagic chert in Japan. In: Embry, A.F., Beauchamp, B., Glass, D.J. (Eds.), Pangea: Global Environments and Resources. Memoir, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, 17, pp. 805–812.), it is an appropriate timing to re-evaluate its geological context with the updated dataset. Kakuwa (Kakuwa, Y., 2008. Evaluation of palaeo-oxygenation of the ocean bottom across the Permian–Triassic boundary. Global and Planetary Change 63, 40–56.) lately discussed that the deep-sea anoxia across the Permian–Triassic boundary (P–TB) may have been much shorter than previously proposed, on the basis of ichnofabrics and geochemical data; however, his interpretations of the data do not appear straightforward nor persuading, and thus his claim is likely misled. Here we raise comments to his explanation on the following four issues: 1) invalid application of ichnofabric indices for shallow sea sediments to deep-sea cherts, 2) misinterpretation of Ce anomaly as a redox indicator, 3) improper application of various redox sensitive trace elements, and 4) questionable interpretations of δ³⁴S data of pyrites.     

Geological and Geochemical Investigation of Three Ophiolite‐Hosted Manganese Prospects,Southeast of Birjand,South Khorasan,East of Iran

The studied ophiolite‐hosted manganese prospects are located in southeast of Birjand, South Khorasan, in the east of Iran. The manganese ores within the ophiolitic sequence in this region occur as small discrete patches, associated with radiolarian chert and shale. Manganese ores in the host rocks are recognizable as three distinct syngenetic, diagenetic, and epigenetic features. The syngenetic manganese ores occurred as bands associated with light‐red radiolarian chert. The diagenetic Mn ores occurred as lenses accompanied by dark‐red to brown radiolarian chert. The epigenetic Mn ores occurred as veins/veinlets within the green radiolarian shale. The major manganese ore minerals are pyrolusite, braunite, bixbyite, ramsdellite, and romanechite showing replacement, colloidal, and brecciated textures. The high mean values of Mn/Fe (15.32) and Si/Al (15.65), and the low mean concentration values of trace elements, such as Cu (85.9 ppm), Ni (249.9 ppm), and Zn (149 ppm), as well as the high concentration values of Si, Fe, Mn, Ba, Zn, Sr, and As in the studied manganese ores furnished sufficient evidence to postulate that the sea‐floor Mn‐rich hydrothermal exhalatives were chiefly responsible for the ore formation, and the hydrogenous processes had negligible role in generation of the ores. The further geological and geochemical evidence also revealed that the ores deposited on the upper parts of the ophiolitic sequence by submarine exhalatives. The intense hydrothermal activities caused leaching of elements such as Mn, Fe, Si, Ba, As and Sr from the basaltic lavas (spilites). After debouching of the sea‐floor exhalatives, these elements entered the sedimentary basin. The redox conditions were responsible for separation of Fe from Mn.     

内蒙古阿拉善右旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组硅质岩成因及其沉积环境

通过对内蒙古阿拉善右旗雅干地区好比如、杭乌拉剖面二叠系埋汗哈达组硅质岩岩石学特征、主量元素、稀土元素地球化学研究,探讨了硅质岩的成因及其沉积环境。地球化学测试结果显示：好比如剖面硅质岩SiO₂质量分数为89.83%~94.16%,平均值为92.01%,Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）值为0.49~0.65,平均值为0.56,δCe值为0.87~0.92,平均值为0.89;杭乌拉剖面硅质岩SiO₂质量分数为75.93%~90.14%,平均值为86.70%,Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）值为0.68~0.78,平均值为0.73,δCe值为0.89~0.94,平均值为0.90;在Al-Fe-Mn三角图上,样品全部落入生物成因硅质岩区,指示研究区硅质岩为海水生物沉积成因。好比如剖面硅质岩Al₂O₃/（Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃）值为0.59~0.78,平均值为0.71,MnO/TiO₂值为0.17~0.88,平均值为0.41,（La/Ce）_N值为1.07~1.25,平均值为1.16,Ce_anom值为-0.059~-0.026,平均值为-0.043;杭乌拉剖面硅质岩Al₂O₃/（Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃）值为0.78~0.86,平均值为0.83,MnO/TiO₂值为0.04~0.40,平均值为0.16,（La/Ce）_N值为1.02~1.15,平均值为1.10,Ce_anom值为-0.041~-0.001,平均值为-0.029;在硅质岩沉积环境判别图上,样品落在大陆边缘型硅质岩区域内,指示研究区硅质岩沉积于大陆边缘缺氧的水体环境。综合分析认为研究区早二叠世为大陆边缘滨海-浅海相沉积环境。     

对赣东北晚古生代放射虫的初步认识

基于以往大量的研究成果和基本地质事实,人们已认同江南造山带是一个新元古代的碰撞造山带,最近,一些研究者根据在赣东北新元古代蛇绿混杂岩带中发现的晚古生代含放射虫硅质岩,认为该蛇绿岩带中的硅质岩至少是晚古生代的产物,进而提出一个解体江南古陆、江南地区普存在晚古生代一中生代板溪洋的命题根据野外调查、室内化学分析等综合研究,本文认为赣东北含放射虫硅质岩是大陆边缘浅水相沉积产物,稀土元素特征不支持大洋地壳上的深水环境,强烈的印支期构造事件有可能使晚古生代含放射虫硅质岩发生构造运移,并与新元古代蛇绿岩彼此混杂。