鲁西白彦组地质特征及其成因探讨

白彦组分布于鲁西灰岩出露区,赋存在溶沟、溶槽、溶洞中。砾岩主要砾石成分为燧石,磨圆度较好,普遍含金刚石。其岩相、结构构造、成因复杂。通过分析砾岩的特征、砾岩的形成过程、时代及金刚石的来源,认为鲁西白彦地区存在尚未发现的金刚石原生矿。     

Late Ordovician stratigraphy,zircon provenance and tectonics,Lachlan Fold Belt,southeastern Australia

Ordovician quartz turbidites of the Lachlan Fold Belt in southeastern Australia accumulated in a marginal sea and overlapped an adjoining island arc (Molong volcanic province) developed adjacent to eastern Gondwana. The turbidite succession in the Shoalhaven River Gorge, in the southern highlands of New South Wales, has abundant outcrop and graptolite sites. The succession consists of, from the base up, a unit of mainly thick‐bedded turbidites (undifferentiated Adaminaby Group), a unit with conspicuous bedded chert (Numeralla Chert), a unit with common thin‐bedded turbidites (Bumballa Formation (new name)) and a unit of black shale (Warbisco Shale). Coarse to very coarse sandstone in the Bumballa Formation is rich in quartz and similar to sandstone in the undifferentiated Adaminaby Group. Detrital zircons from sandstone in the Bumballa Formation, and from sandstone at a similar stratigraphic level from the upper Adaminaby Group of the Genoa River area in eastern Victoria, include grains as young as 453–473 Ma, slightly older than the stratigraphic ages.The dominant detrital ages are in the interval 500–700 Ma (Pacific Gondwana component) with a lessor concentration of Grenville ages (1000–1300 Ma). This pattern resembles other Ordovician sandstones from the Lachlan Fold Belt and also occurs in Triassic sandstones and Quaternary sands from eastern Australia. The Upper Ordovician succession is predominantly fine grained, which reflects reduced clastic inputs from the source in the Middle Cambrian to earliest Ordovician Ross‐Delamerian Fold Belts that developed along the eastern active margin of Gondwana. Development of subduction zones in the Late Ordovician marginal sea are considered to be mainly responsible for the diversion of sediment and the resulting reduction in the supply of terrigenous sand to the island arc and eastern part of the marginal sea.     

Evolution of Cambrian to Ordovician trace fossils in pelagic deep-sea chert,Australia

Cambrian to Ordovician pelagic radiolarian cherts in the Lachlan Fold Belt in southeastern Australia contain trace fossils demonstrating the faunal diversification that occurred during the Ordovician on the deep-sea floor. The Cambro-Ordovician Howqua Chert has a very low degree of bioturbation, and the trace fossils are small and shallow. In contrast, the late Middle to Late Ordovician cherts are strongly bioturbated with larger, deeper burrows, and contain more morphologically diverse trace fossils. This records a substantial increase in the size, abundance and activity of deep-ocean benthic animals living on the floor of the ocean bordering Australia.     

Submarine silica-rich hydrothermal activity during the earliest Cambrian in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Siliceous rocks were widely deposited in many continents during the Ediacaran–Cambrian (E–C) transition. Based on detailed field investigations in the Aksu area of the Tarim Basin in Northwest China, this study presents evidence of a submarine silica-rich hydrothermal system preserved in the E–C boundary successions. This system consists of a lower stockwork silica-dominant vein swarm zone in the karstified dolostone of the uppermost Ediacaran Qigebulake Formation, which terminates directly under the overlying bedded chert and black shale succession of the lowermost Cambrian Yurtus Formation. The stockwork vein swarms were filled dominantly by a wide spectrum of silica precipitates (amorphous silica, chalcedony, spherulite, fine to coarse quartz) with subordinate pyrite, Fe-(oxyhydr)oxide, and barite. The host dolostones that were dissected by the vein swarms also suffered extensive silicification and recrystallization. The vertical stacking relationship of silica-dominant vein swarms and overlying bedded chert suggests they were formed by an identical low-temperature, silica-rich diffusive submarine hydrothermal system in the earliest Cambrian. This suggestion is further supported by fluid inclusion microthermometry (T_h 40–200°C) of the quartz-barite vein fills. In this case, silica-rich hydrothermal fluids were channelled and precipitated partially along the stockwork veins in the antecedent karstified dolostone and vented mostly into seawater, promoting widespread deposition of bedded chert on the seafloor of Tarim Basin in the earliest Cambrian. This study provides a useful clue and analogue to understand the widespread silica deposition and coeval vast oceanic and geochemical changes during the E–C transition in the Tarim Basin and elsewhere.     

东秦岭二郎坪群热水沉积硅质岩的地球化学特征

东秦岭二郎坪群中广泛发育一套与铜铅锌成矿作用关系密切的硅质岩。区内硅质岩总体属于低硅质硅质岩,SiO2与Al2O3呈负相关,Fe2O3/FeO比值一般小于1,与热水沉积硅质岩的特征一致;南阳盆地以西的硅质岩MnO/TiO2比值小于0.5、Al/(Al Fe)比值接近北太平洋比值,而盆地以东的硅质岩MnO/TiO2比值大于0.5、Al/(Al Fe)比值与日本中部大陆边缘的三叠纪层纹状硅质岩比值类似;硅质岩稀土元素总量较低,重稀土元素有富集的趋势,Ce亏损较明显,Eu显示正异常,表明本区硅质岩主要是热水沉积作用的产物;硅质岩的V、Ni、Cu等微量元素含量具有洋中脊(或远洋盆地)和大陆边缘硅质岩的双重特征。     

滇西南昌宁－孟连构造带晚泥盆世枕状玄武岩和层状硅质岩的特征

滇西南耿马地区回爱剖面发育有昌宁-孟连构造带最早的枕状玄武岩,与其共生的放射虫硅质岩、硅质泥岩含有晚泥盆世放射虫和牙形石化石。对硅质岩和玄武岩的地球化学研究表明,玄武岩的化学成分具有高P、Ti的特点,轻稀土元素富集,在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式图上表现为明显的右倾,微量元素中K、Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素与Nb、Ta、Zr等高场强元素富集。化学投图结果表明玄武岩形成于洋岛环境。硅质岩的Al／(Al Fe Mn)比值大部分介于0.5～0.7之间,Al_2O_3／(Fe_2O_3 Al_2O_3)位于0.41～0.8之间,大部分硅质岩的Ce／Ce*比值小于1,具弱的Ce负异常,总体表现为大陆边缘型硅质岩的特征。这说明研究区晚泥盆世为邻近大陆边缘的洋盆环境,具洋壳性质的昌宁-孟连古特提斯盆地在晚泥盆世已经形成。     

鄂西南双河渔塘坝硒矿区硅质岩地球化学特征

双河渔塘坝硒矿位于扬子准地台、上扬子台褶带的北部 ,受双河向斜构造控制。本区硅质岩的稀土元素特征表明 :稀土总量低 ,其平均值为 38.945× 10 -6,富集轻稀土元素 ,呈现负的Ce异常和正的Eu异常 ,表现出一定的热水成因的属性。说明本区含硒的硅质岩主要形成于浅海滞留盆地、缺氧的还原环境 ,是属于热水成因的一类硅质岩。     

沉积喷流型矿化的岩石学证据——以大兴安岭南段黄岗和大井矿床为例

沉积喷流型矿床往往有各种喷流岩（热水沉积岩）的共生，正确识别这些喷流岩经常能为认识矿床的成因提供关键证据。大兴安岭南段是我国北方著名的锡－多金属成矿区，燕山期火山－侵入岩广泛出露，因此认为区内矿床大都是与燕山期岩浆活动有关的热液矿床。但是，区内近90％的矿床却产在二叠纪地层中，显示了与二叠纪沉积地层的密切联系。本文以其中的黄岗铁－锡矿床和大井锡－多金属矿床为例，对与矿石密切共生的热水沉积岩开展了系统的地质学、岩相学、矿物学和组构学研究，并结合必要的地球化学数据，证明大兴安岭南段在二叠纪沉积盆地演化过程中可能普经有重要的水下热液沉积喷流成矿作用发生，尽管历来被人们所忽视，但其重要性可能并不亚于燕山期的岩浆热液成矿作用。黄岗矿床的层状矽卡岩与二叠纪海底火山活动关系密切，是一种很具特色的喷流岩；而被误认为是燕山期流纹斑岩的大井矿床菱铁织云硅质岩可能是一种产在陆相断陷盆地、与锡铜铅锌银多金属矿化有关的新类型热水沉积岩。显然，与热水沉积喷流矿床紧密共生的热水沉积岩是认识该类矿床至为重要的岩石学证据之一。     

中国早古生代若干高硒黑色岩系中层状硅质岩的地球化学特征及其成因意义

在中国早古生代若干高硒黑色岩系中发育有数层的厚度不等的层状硅质岩,SiO₂含量一般在 90%以上,岩石富Fe,相对贫Mn、Al、Ti。亲石元素大量亏损,但富典型的热水沉积指示元素Ba、As、Sb,也有一定的铂族元素(PGE)的异常,稀土元素的配分模式呈左倾,有明显的Ce的负异常和轻微的Eu的正异常。δ3 0 Si值变化范围为- 0 .7‰～ 1.2‰,δ18O值变化范围为 17.6‰～ 2 9.0‰。硅质岩的地球化学表明其为热水沉积作用的产物。文章最后讨论了热水成因硅质岩的形成与硒富集的关系,认为形成硅质岩的构造环境可能是地壳深部Se得以上升到浅部聚集的前提,而含硅热液则可能是硒的良好的”溶剂”。     

浙江西裘晚元古代层状硅质岩热水沉积地球化学标志及其沉积环境意义

在浙江西裘地区晚元古界地层中存在与地层整合产出的层状硅质岩。硅质岩富Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ，相对贫Ａ１，富集Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ、Ｇａ，稀土元素总量低，铈负异常，重稀土相对富集，具热水沉积硅质岩的地球化学特征。在Ａ１－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ和Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－（Ｎｉ＋Ｃｏ＋Ｃｕ）三角图上均属于热水沉积硅质岩。硅质岩硅、氧同位素地球化学也显示其热水成因之特点。硅质岩的ＭｎＯ／ＴｉＯ２、δＣｅ和δ３０Ｓｉ值分析表明本区层状硅质岩主要是在深海环境下沉积的。硅质岩形成温度较高，约为８２－１６５℃。