痕量氢观测环境及供电系统建设

应用ATG-6118H痕量氢在线自动分析仪在水井类观测点观测过程中发现,外界观测环境的变化对于痕量氢浓度的观测存在一定干扰。文章依据宁河痕量氢观测井的观测环境及供电系统的改造过程,对2017年11月11日井房改造完成前后的痕量氢浓度数据进行分析论述,为该仪器的后续观测提供一些借鉴经验。     

Test and analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) precast shear wall assembled using steel shear key (SSK)

Reinforced concrete (RC) precast shear walls are extensively applied in practical engineering, owing to their fast construction speed. However, because of the transport conditions, RC precast shear walls have to be separated into small wall segments during the factory prefabrication procedure before being assembled on site. Typically, wet-type jointing methods are adopted to link the segments, which is time-consuming and results in unreliable post-pouring area strength. To overcome this problem, the novel scheme of the steel shear key (SSK) featuring steel shear panels and combined fillet and plug welding is proposed. Three RC precast shear wall specimens with different linking strength, termed as weakened SSK wall, standard SSK wall, and strengthened SSK wall, respectively, and an integrated shear wall specimen were designed. Quasi-static cyclic loading was applied to investigate the specimens' dynamic properties. The test results suggest the prefabricated wall segments equipped with SSKs showed reliable stiffness and bearing capacity and were improved in energy dissipation ability, compared with conventional shear walls. As the shear stiffness and number of equipped SSKs increased, the specimens exhibited higher strength, but their ductility and energy dissipation were slightly decreased. Most importantly, the standard SSK wall specimen could achieve satisfactory bearing capacity and deformability and is thus recommended for precast building structures. Finite element method (FEM) models were established to validate the test results, and parametric study analysis was conducted based on the coupling ratio of the SSK walls. Finally, an appropriate coupling ratio range is recommended for practical engineering applications.     

景观建筑挡土墙优化设计后抗震性能的实验测试研究

目前的景观建筑设计中往往更注重建筑的景观性,而忽略了建筑的安全稳定性,导致景观建筑的整体抗震效果较差,在景观建筑设计中加入挡土墙设计可以有效提高其抗震性。为此,设计一种具有一定抗震性能的景观建筑挡土墙,利用建筑施工过程中保留的复合纤维材料、建筑垃圾以及纤维绳等作为土墙填充物,并加入具有一定抗拉能力的拉筋材料,以保持土墙内部的稳定性。考虑景观建筑通常注重外观视觉效果,使用"平改坡"设计,在墙体表面种植具有一定视觉冲击的植物,增加土墙自重,促进土墙整体结构的稳定性。分析挡土墙后面无限倾斜填土受力状态,选取菱形微小单元体作为研究对象,计算景观建筑的挡土墙土压力强度。实验证明,优化设计的景观建筑挡土墙结构可以有效增强景观建筑的整体抗震能力。     

高层建筑坍塌墙体修复施工安全管理定量化控制模型研究

为了确保震后高层建筑坍塌墙体修复工程的安全性,提出一种高层建筑震后坍塌墙体修复施工安全管理方法。结合主成分分析法与信息熵法对震后高层建筑坍塌墙体修复施工管理的控制特征量进行提取,确定模型评价指标权重;根据加权学习法对坍塌墙体修复的施工进行量化控制;通过灰阶量化评估进行约束参量分析,构建安全管理控制模型;采用管理因素模糊调度算法实现施工安全管理控制,并完成优化决策。通过仿真实验验证坍塌墙体修复施工管理控制的管理效益与累积评价百分率。分析结果表明,采用该方法进行震后高层建筑坍塌墙体修复施工管理控制的管理效益最高可达83.32%,累积管理效果回报率较高,累积评价百分率平均约为75%,能够有效提高施工过程的安全管理效能,确保施工安全。     

加筋土挡墙变形特性研究进展

从理论研究、模型试验、数值模拟和实地调查四方面评述了国内外加筋土挡墙变形特性的研究成果。理论研究方面分析并归纳了研究方法和挡墙变形计算公式;模型试验和数值模拟介绍了已有的静、动力模型试验成果和常用的数值模拟方法。实地调查介绍了现有调查结论及部分规范、标准规定的位移限值。通过4种方式的研究情况介绍,指出了当前加筋土挡墙变形特性研究中存在的一些不足,并进一步阐述了今后的研究方向。     

主动与被动状态下墙体侧向位移近似计算

极限状态下墙体侧向位移对土压力计算和支挡结构设计影响显著。根据Rankine变形体和Coulomb刚塑体模型,将墙后土体变形分别当作单剪和直剪试验中试样的剪切过程,以达到极限剪切变形（剪应变或单位长度剪切位移）作为进入主被动状态标准,构建了土体变形与墙体位移的几何关系,提出了反映土体变形与强度特性,同时考虑静止时初始应力状态影响的墙体极限侧向位移近似计算模型。分析表明：土体极限剪切变形、滑移区范围、初始应力状态是影响墙体极限位移的核心要素,其中极限剪切变形占据主导作用,是导致不同颗粒组成及密实程度土体进入极限状态所需墙体位移差异显著的主要原因,而主被动区范围不同和因静止土压力系数 1引起的初始剪切变形,则是被动状态墙体位移远大于主动的关键因素;算例中主动与被动状态下墙体位移与墙高之比分别介于0.5‰～13.2‰和?0.4%～?5.2%,且主动状态下细粒土墙体位移大于粗粒土,计算结果与工程经验及相关文献模型试验基本一致。     

基于黏弹塑性本构模型的泥石流数值模拟

泥石流是一个世界范围的地质灾害问题,多年来受到广泛而深入的研究。大多数工作致力于分离地研究岩土材料破坏前的失稳机制和失稳后的快速流动扩展。尝试以一种连续方法模拟完整的泥石流过程,仅用一个本构模型描述泥石流的起始、扩展和停滞。首先讨论了重力增大和基质吸力降低诱发泥石流的力学机制,描述了泥石流过程中岩土材料力学性质的弹塑性–黏性转变现象,对泥石流进行了黏弹塑性的全程模拟,并对挡土墙的冲击效应进行了启发性研究,证明了研究中所使用的本构模型可以准确地描述岩土材料的固流转化现象,数值方法可以很好地对均质连续介质进行大位移模拟。     

土-膨润土隔离墙应力状态与固结行为的现场试验研究

土-膨润土竖向隔离墙被广泛应用于污染场地治理,其服役性能受应力状态和固结变形影响较大。通过建造两段不同尺寸的土-膨润土隔离墙试验段,并利用土压力盒、孔压计、测斜管等分别对墙体现场应力状态和变形进行了为期15个月的监测,获得了土-膨润土隔离墙固结行为的基本特征。监测结果表明：墙体主固结阶段需要数月;墙体固结变形以侧向变形为主;大部分深度内总应力在前1个月显著减小,并在随后基本保持稳定,有效应力随超孔压消散而不断增加;水平应变与最大水平有效应力均与墙深呈显著正相关;然而在主固结期间,墙体底部总应力和孔压均一直减小直至等于静水压力,有效应力始终很小。根据实测墙体变形及应力分布的特点,指出在相邻土体中可能形成滑动楔形体,对填料产生整体挤压,从而对隔离墙的现场固结行为特征作出了合理解释。最后,针对土-膨润土隔离墙的设计施工提出了相关建议。     

刚性挡土墙后三维被动滑裂面的模型试验

针对无黏性土体,采用模型试验的方法,研究平移模式下刚性挡土墙后被动破坏滑裂面的空间形态。自主设计一种模型试验装置,重复开展6次试验,通过记录挡土墙后土体中预埋脆性玻璃条断裂的空间坐标,复原土体发生滑动的位置,绘制出挡土墙后滑裂面的三维形态图。试验结果表明：挡土墙后滑裂面具有明显的三维效应;挡土墙宽度内滑裂面纵向高度呈先缓慢增高后近似直线增高的曲面,初始破裂角度为9°,平均破裂角为26°,朗肯土压力理论的破裂角为28°;最大纵向破裂面长度为1.8倍挡土墙高度,与经典土压力理论的平面假定基本一致;滑裂面均有一定的横向扩展,主平面投影以初始扩散角约45°的斜线往外扩展,距离挡土墙最远处是宽度为0.7倍挡土墙宽度的水平线,斜线与水平线之间以半径为挡土墙宽度的圆弧过渡连接。研究结果为分析土体被动破坏的滑裂面空间形态提供了试验依据。     

Experimental study on mechanism of sea-dike failure due to wave overtopping

This work, which was largely a fruit of China's national marine hazard mitigation service, explicitly reveals the major mechanism of sea-dike failure during wave overtopping. A large group of wave-flume experiments were conducted for sea dikes with varying geometric characteristics and pavement types. The erosion and slide of the landward slope due to the combined effect of normal hit and great shear from overtopping flows was identified the major trigger of the destabilization of sea dikes. Once the intermittent hydrodynamic load and swash caused any deformation (bump or dent) of the pavement layer, pavement fractions (slabs or rubble) on the slope started to be initiated and removed by the water. The erosion of the landward slope was then gradually aggravated followed by entire failure within a couple of minutes. Hence, the competent velocity would be helpful evaluate the failure risk if as well accounted in standards or criteria. However, the dike top was measured experiencing the largest hydrodynamic pressure with a certain cap while the force on the wall increased rapidly as the overtopping intensity approached the dike-failure threshold. The faster increase of the force on the wall than on the landward slope yielded the sequencing of loads reaching hypothetic limits before failure as: dike top – top-mounted wall – landward slope. Therefore, beside the slide failure, the fatigue damage due to the instantaneous hydrodynamic impact might be another mechanism of the dike failure, which did not appear in the experiment but should be kept in mind. Instead of the widely adopted tolerable overtopping rate, a 0.117–0.424 m³/(m s) range of overtopping discharge and a 10 m/s overtopping velocity for the failure risk of typical sea dikes along China's coastlines were suggested, which enables the possible failure risk prediction through empirical calculations. The failure overtopping rate was identified strongly dependent on the pavement material, the landward slope and the dike-mounted wall but showed little variation with the width of the dike top. The flat concrete pavement and gentle landward slopes are suggested for the dike design and construction. For given configurations and hydrodynamic conditions in the experiment, the dike without the wall experienced less overtopping volume than those with the 1-m top-mounted wall. Meanwhile, the remove of the wall increased the failure overtopping rate, which means a certain increase of the failure criterion. Thus, care must be taken to conclude that the dike-mounted wall seems not an entirely appropriate reinforcement for the stability and safety of coastal protections. This should be further checked and discussed by researchers and engineers in the future.