Sea level in the late Quaternary: patterns of variation and implications

Studies of oxygen isotopes in foraminifers from deepsea sediments yield information about rates of change of sea level, for hundreds of thousands of years with a resolution of roughly 1,000 years. The statistics regarding fluctuations for the late Quaternary (the last 900,000 years) suggest that a rise of 10 m per 1,000 years (1 m per century) is not unusual, even when the system resides within a warm stage, as now. Values near 2 m per century, while rare, are well within the range of a warm system, beyond the 5-percentile of the overall range. Once sea level is near +10 m, further rise becomes highly unlikely within the conditions of the late Quaternary, suggesting the presence of some kind of natural barrier; that is, lack of vulnerable ice. The present volume of ice generally considered vulnerable (Greenland and West-Antarctic ice sheet) adds up (roughly) to the observed limit.     

陨石学及天体化学研究某些新进展

陨石是来自含气体-尘粒的太阳早期星云盘凝聚和吸积的原始物质,大多数原始物质因吸积后的作用过程而改变（如月球、地球及火星样品）,但有一些却完整的保存下来（如球粒陨石或球粒陨石中的难熔包体）。这些原始的物质通常依据同位素丰度特征来识别,依据其矿物-岩石学特征和成因可将已知的陨石划分许多更小的类型。陨石学及天体化学的新近进展包括：新近识别的陨石群;发现新类型球粒陨石及行星际尘粒中发现前太阳和星云组分;利用短寿命放射性核素完善了早期太阳系年代学;洞察宇宙化学丰度、分馏作用及星云源区及通过次生母体的作用过程阐释星云和前星云的记录。本文概述了早期太阳系内从星云到陨石的演化过程。依据这些资料,对早期太阳系所经历的多种核合成的输入、瞬时加热事件与星云动力学有一些新的认识,以及认识到小星子和行星体系的演化比以前预期的更快速。     

中国南极冰川学研究10年回顾与展望

扼要回顾中国南极冰川学研究历程,当前国际南极冰川学研究背景和发展趋势,并从南极冰盖雪冰物理特征研究,冰盖气候环境记录的现代过程研究以及冰芯研究等方面总结我国南极冰川学研究取得的成果,认为８０年代后期以来,中国南极冰川研究成果显著,尤其是对南冰盖气候环境记录的现代过程研究取得了很大进展,居于国际研究的前沿地位。     

南极和北极地区在全球变化中的作用研究

近半个世纪的调查基本揭示了极地在地球系统中的作用。两极保持了世界 99%的冰川 ,相当于全球淡水的 78% ,全部融化将使地球海平面上升 70m。极区又是世界气候系统中最活泼的组成 ,通过其冰盖、大气和周围海域的强烈耦合过程而影响全球。同时 ,南极上空臭氧空洞的出现 ,北极地区冻土带的北移等都表明全球变化也在明显地影响着两极。中国 2 0年来对南极的考察过程中 ,建立两个南极科学考察站 ,拥有极地考察破冰船 ,1999年开展了中国首次北极科学考察 ,对南北极的区域特征及其在全球变化中的作用提出了新的认识。     

涂氏磷钙石:一种磷酸盐高压相新矿物

在随州陨石冲击熔脉中发现了一种磷酸盐新矿物，它是白磷钙石的高压多形，经国际矿物协会新矿物和矿物命名委员会批准，定名为涂氏磷钙石(Tuitel)。该矿物属三方晶系，空间群为R-3m，a=5．258(1)A，c=18．727(3)A。一轴晶，正光性，ε=1．706(3)，ω=1．701(4)。化学式为(Ca2.31Mg0.29)2.80Na0.28(P1.01O4)2，简化式为Ca3(PO4)2。X射线粉晶衍射的强谱线有：2．628(100)、2．89l(80)、1．945(47)、1．730(25)和1．567(22)。根据与其共生的其他高压相矿物形成的温压条件和人工合成实验的结果，推定涂氏磷钙石形成的压力为12～23GPa，温度为l400到2000℃。该新矿物以中国矿物岩石地球化学学会的创建人和首任会长涂光炽的姓氏命名。     

耦合模式对冬春季节南、北极涛动的季节气候预测能力研究

研究评估了耦合气候模式对冬、春季北极涛动(AO)和南极涛动(AAO)的预测效能。结果表明,模式对于北极涛动和南极涛动的模拟能力都是比较强的,其中,对冬季的模拟能力要强于春季。冬季,几乎所有的模式都能很好地模拟出对流层内北极涛动的空间分布形态特点,空间相关系数很高。春季,大部分模式的模拟结果仍然是比较好,与再分析资料结果的空间相关性比较高。对于南极涛动,模式在全年对流层各个层次上都能比较好地刻画其空间分布,且模式在850hPa等压面上的空间模拟效能要稍强于海平面。相对来说,冬季的模拟效果也稍强于其他季节,但是,差异不显著,模式与模式的差别也比较小。另外,模式对于北极涛动和南极涛动的时间序列模拟能力有限,时间序列相关系数只有少数几个模式达到显著性水平。     

Stratospheric Ozone-induced Cloud Radiative Effects on Antarctic Sea Ice

Recent studies demonstrate that the Antarctic Ozone Hole has important influences on Antarctic sea ice. While most of these works have focused on effects associated with atmospheric and oceanic dynamic processes caused by stratospheric ozone changes, here we show that stratospheric ozone-induced cloud radiative effects also play important roles in causing changes in Antarctic sea ice. Our simulations demonstrate that the recovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole causes decreases in clouds over Southe...     

Albedo of coastal landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay,Antarctica: Observations and parameterization

The snow/sea-ice albedo was measured over coastal landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica(off Zhongshan Station)during the austral spring and summer of 2010 and 2011. The variation of the observed albedo was a combination of a gradual seasonal transition from spring to summer and abrupt changes resulting from synoptic events, including snowfall, blowing snow, and overcast skies. The measured albedo ranged from 0.94 over thick fresh snow to 0.36 over melting sea ice. It was found that snow thickness was the most important factor influencing the albedo variation, while synoptic events and overcast skies could increase the albedo by about 0.18 and 0.06, respectively. The in-situ measured albedo and related physical parameters(e.g., snow thickness, ice thickness, surface temperature, and air temperature) were then used to evaluate four different snow/ice albedo parameterizations used in a variety of climate models. The parameterized albedos showed substantial discrepancies compared to the observed albedo, particularly during the summer melt period, even though more complex parameterizations yielded more realistic variations than simple ones. A modified parameterization was developed,which further considered synoptic events, cloud cover, and the local landfast sea-ice surface characteristics. The resulting parameterized albedo showed very good agreement with the observed albedo.     

南极陨石研究的启示 Ⅸ.火星陨石的溅射和运移时间及古生命遗迹的综述

火星陨石的稀有气体同位素研究表明,１２个火星陨石在１５Ｍａ期间至少发生过５次不同的冲击事件并溅射火星壳物质,其溅射年龄分别为０．８２Ｍａ、２．７６Ｍａ、３．８４Ｍａ、１１．０Ｍａ及１４．４Ｍａ。其中Ｃｈａｓｓｉｇｎｙ火星陨石的化学成分不同于透辉橄榄岩,其溅射年龄为１１．６Ｍａ,如果这次冲击事件与透辉橄榄岩无关,则冲击溅射事件应为６次。ＭｃＫａｙｅｔａｌ．（１９９６）等提出在ＡＬＨ８４００１火星陨石中含有古生命遗迹的证据,对此,许多学者提出了一些相反的论证,但根据对ＡＬＨ８４００１火星陨石多学科综合研究,目前尚不能完全肯定或否定火星陨石中有古生命遗迹的存在     

南极酵母Rhodotorula sp.NJ298的鉴定及其产虾青素的研究

本研究对产虾青素的南极菌株NJ298进行了鉴定,同时对影响虾青素产量的主要环境因子进行了测试。形态特征、生理生化特征及ITS序列的系统发育分析表明,南极菌株NJ298属于红酵母属(Rhodotorula);虾青素积累主要在NJ298生长的对数期和稳定期;乙酸钠、蛋白胨是合成虾青素的最佳碳、氮源;在0-15℃之间,南极酵母NJ298均可以生长,但是低温更有利于虾青素的积累;pH值在6-8范围内NJ298均可生长,最适pH值为7.5;该菌对盐度要求不严格。