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231.
土壤水分条件对内蒙古典型草原水汽和二氧化碳通量的影响研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
本文基于2007年和2008年生长季内蒙古羊草和大针茅草原湍流观测资料,分析了两种典型草原下垫面生长季的不同土壤水分条件下水汽和二氧化碳通量交换特征及其控制因子。主要结果如下:(1)在植被生长峰值期,日尺度上,干旱条件下土壤湿度是潜热通量的主要控制因子,而土壤水分条件较好时潜热通量主要受净辐射控制。(2)与大针茅草原相比,羊草草原叶面积指数较大,水分条件较好时,其潜热通量平均值更大,CO2吸收能力更强,吸收CO2更多;但在土壤水分胁迫出现时,羊草草原叶面的气孔闭合度急剧增加,大针茅草原的潜热通量、和CO2吸收反而更大,表现出更为耐旱的植被特性。(3)地表导度可以用来解释土壤水分条件对羊草和大针茅草原碳水通量的影响。 相似文献
232.
1 .IntroductionWater exchange of sea bays is a basic issue for marine environment study. Water exchange be-tween a coastal area andthe outside area dueto advection and diffusionis animportant waytoimprovethe water qualityinthe coastal area . Withthe rapid… 相似文献
233.
The resonance period of the L-shaped channel in the caisson is predicted analytically for the seawater exchange breakwater of “Applicability Study of the Seawater Exchange Breakwater (1). Korea Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (in Korean) (1999a)”. Hydraulic experiments are conducted for a composite breakwater with a rear reservoir that is one of the seawater exchange breakwaters developed by them. For regular waves, the water surface elevation in the channel and the flow rate through the breakwater are measured. For irregular waves, the flow rate through the breakwater and the reflection coefficient on the breakwater are measured. The resonant maximum values in both the surface elevation and the flow rate, and the resonant minimum values in the reflection coefficient are all at wave periods slightly longer than analytically predicted ones. The measured resonance period for irregular waves is closer to the predicted one than for regular waves. If the resonance period of the L-shaped channel is fitted to the dominant period of incident waves, there would be high efficiency of seawater exchange between inside and outside the harbor. 相似文献
234.
Influence of Salinity on pH and Aluminum Concentration on the Interaction of Acidic Red Soil with Seawater 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mohamed?M.?Kombo Said?A.?Vuai Maki?Ishiki Akira?TokuyamaEmail author 《Journal of Oceanography》2005,61(3):591-601
Contamination of acidic red soil in the coastal areas of Okinawa Islands is a serious environmental problem. This study was conducted to examine the effects of the salinity on pH and aluminum concentration when the acidic red soil interacts with seawater. Acidic red soil from Gushikawa recreation center was fractionated into bulk soil, coarse sand and silt + clay. Different weights of each fraction were equilibrated with seawater solutions. The pH and concentrations of Al3+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were then analyzed in the extracts. The results showed a decreasing trend of pH with increasing soil to solution ratio while the extracted Al3+ revealed an increasing trend. The lowest pH values were 3.85, 4.06, 4.41, 4.66 and their corresponding highest Al3+ concentrations were 2.50, 1.01, 0.062 and 0.036 mmolL−1 in the seawater extracts, one-tenth seawater extracts, one-hundredth seawater extracts and one-thousandth seawater solution extracts, respectively. Mostly, the concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and especially K+ decreased with increasing soil weight in the high salinities but showed the opposite trend in the low salinity samples. Potassium concentration decreased by 39%, 53% and 40% in the seawater extracts, one-tenth and one-hundredth seawater extracts but increased by 200% in one-thousandth seawater extracts. The coincidence of the increase in Al3+ and H+ concentrations, and the decrease of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in the solutions suggests ion exchange/adsorption, while the increased patterns, particularly at low salinity could be attributed to the dissolution of the species from the soils. 相似文献
235.
Rolando S. Balotro Atsuhiko Isobe Manabu Shimizu Atsushi Kaneda Takatoshi Takeuchi Hidetaka Takeoka 《Journal of Oceanography》2002,58(6):759-773
An attempt was made to reproduce the circulation pattern in Suo-Nada, Japan during spring and summer season in order to elucidate
the water exchange mechanism in the basin. Two hydrographic surveys at the end of each season were conducted covering the
entire Suo-Nada area. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic Princeton Ocean Model (POM) was used to compute the current resulting
from the observed density and wind field. During spring, a very pronounced counter clockwise gyre is situated near the opening
of the basin. This is replaced by a clockwise circulation which seemed to occupy the whole domain during summer. Within each
season, however, the vertical distribution of current does not show any remarkable differences, indicating the dominance of
horizontal current and a very weak estuarine flow. These observational and numerical results were used to estimate the remnant
function and the corresponding average residence time of permanently dissolved matter (PDM) and transformable matter (TM).
The results revealed a small difference in the average residence times of materials within each season but a large seasonal
variability between spring and summer. Furthermore, calculations based on climatological density fields have indicated a similar
trend of variation between the seasonal values of average residence times.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
236.
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238.
Coastal upwelling systems are regions with highly variable physical processes and very high rates of primary production and very little is known about the effect of these factors on the short-term variations of CO2 fugacity in seawater (fCO2w). This paper presents the effect of short-term variability (<1 week) of upwelling–downwelling events on CO2 fugacity in seawater (fCO2w), oxygen, temperature and salinity fields in the Ría de Vigo (a coastal upwelling ecosystem). The magnitude of fCO2w values is physically and biologically modulated and ranges from 285 μatm in July to 615 μatm in October. There is a sharp gradient in fCO2w between the inner and the outer zone of the Ría during almost all the sampling dates, with a landward increase in fCO2w.CO2 fluxes calculated from local wind speed and air–sea fCO2 differences indicate that the inner zone is a sink for atmospheric CO2 in December only (−0.30 mmol m−2 day−1). The middle zone absorbs CO2 in December and July (−0.05 and −0.27 mmol·m−2 day−1, respectively). The oceanic zone only emits CO2 in October (0.36 mmol·m−2 day−1) and absorbs at the highest rate in December (−1.53 mmol·m−2 day−1). 相似文献
239.
M. deCastro M. Gmez-Gesteira R. Prego R. Neves 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2003,56(5-6):1055-1064
The wind-induced water exchange between the ria of Ferrol (NW Spain) and the adjacent shelf is analyzed by means of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (MOHID2000). Since thermohaline measurements indicate that the estuary can be considered vertically homogeneous a barotropic version of the model has been used. Real in situ wind measurements have been used for model calibration and further analysis. The approach to study the wind effect on water exchange through the ria strait consisted in subtracting the signal calculated with only tidal forcing (Ts) from the one with wind and tidal forcing (WTs). This shows the existence of a residual circulation, with water flowing in wind direction along surfaces layers and a counter current flowing in the opposite direction at bottom layers. The flux across the strait of Ferrol has shown to increase linearly on wind strength, with a correlation larger than 96% and reaching values close to 20 m3 s−1 under real wind forcing. 相似文献
240.
Maria E. Andersson Katarina Gårdfeldt Ingvar Wängberg Francesca Sprovieri Nicola Pirrone Oliver Lindqvist 《Marine Chemistry》2007
Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) was measured continuously using two newly developed techniques and a manual technique. The continuous techniques were based on the equilibrium between the aqueous and gaseous phase (DGM = Hgextr / H', Hgextr is the measured mercury concentration in the gas phase, H' is the Henry's Law coefficient at the desired temperature). In order to calculate the annual mercury evasion from the Mediterranean Sea, diurnal and seasonal measurements of DGM, total gaseous mercury in air (TGM), water temperature and wind speed were performed. During August 2003, March–April 2004 and October–November 2004 measurements of these parameters were conducted on board the RV Urania. The continuous measurements of DGM showed a diurnal variation in concentration, at both coastal and off shore sites, with higher concentrations during daytime than nighttime. The concentration difference could be as large as 130 fM between day and night. The degree of saturation was calculated directly from the measurements, S = Hgextr / TGM and was found to vary between the different seasons. The highest average degree of saturation (850%) and the largest variation in saturation (600–1150%) was observed during the summer. The spring showed the lowest variation (260–360%) and the lowest average degree of saturation (320%). The autumn also showed a large variation in saturation (500–1070%) but a lower average (740%) compared to the summer cruise. This might be explained by the temperature difference between the different seasons, since that parameter varied the most. The flux from the sea surface was calculated using the gas exchange model developed by Nightingale et al. [Nightingale, P.D., Malin, G., Law, C.S., Watson, A.J., Liss, P.S., Liddicoat, M.I., Boutin, J., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., 2000. In situ evaluation of air–sea gas exchange parameterization using novel conservative and volatile tracers. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14(1):373–387]. The evasion varied between the different seasons with the highest evasion during the autumn, 24.6 pmol m− 2 h− 1. The summer value was estimated to 22.3 pmol m− 2 h− 1 and the spring to 7.6 pmol m− 2 h− 1. Using this data the yearly evasion from the Mediterranean Sea surface was estimated to 77 tons. 相似文献