虾青素对饲料组胺胁迫下美洲鳗鲡(Anguilla rostrata)幼鱼生长性能、血清生化、肠道自由基水平及肠道菌群的影响

氧化应激是饲料组胺胁迫对鱼体产生危害的主要途径之一。研究具有强抗氧化能力的虾青素对美洲鳗鲡幼鱼饲料组胺胁迫的缓解效果, 对降低鱼类饲料源胁迫具有重要意义。将400尾初始体重为(25.01±0.17) g/尾的试验鱼随机分为4个处理组, 即对照组、H组、H+Ast4组和H+Ast8组, 分别饲喂基础饲料、高组胺饲料(662 mg/kg)及在高组胺饲料中添加4 mg/kg、8 mg/kg虾青素的试验饲料。结果显示: 与对照组相比, H组美洲鳗鲡幼鱼生长性能和血清非特异性免疫能力显著降低(P<0.05),肠道自由基水平显著升高(P<0.05),肠道有害菌群丰度升高; H+Ast组美洲鳗鲡幼鱼的生长性能、血清非特异性免疫能力显著高于H组(P<0.05),肠道自由基水平显著低于H组(P<0.05), 上述指标H+Ast组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。H+Ast组肠道有益菌群丰度高于H组和对照组。可见, 添加4 mg/kg虾青素即可缓解饲料组胺胁迫导致的美洲鳗鲡幼鱼生长抑制, 提高血清非特异性免疫能力, 降低肠道自由基水平, 有益调节肠道菌群。添加8 mg/kg虾青素对美洲鳗鲡幼鱼上述指标无进一步的改善效果。研究结果可为虾青素缓解美洲鳗鲡饲料组胺胁迫及其在饲料中的推广应用提供参考。     

Exceptional preservation of Upper Carboniferous (lower Westphalian) fossils from Edlington,Doncaster, South Yorkshire,UK

A new fossil‐bearing, Upper Carboniferous (lower Westphalian) locality in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, UK, is reported and an account of the fossils is presented. The diverse flora and fauna consists of plants, bivalves, arthropods (primarily xiphosurans), tentaculitids (microconchids), fish scales, shark egg capsules and coprolites. Fossils are preserved in siderite nodules and shales, and display excellent preservation and detail. Previous collecting of Carboniferous fossils in the Doncaster area has been minimal. The discovery of this locality addresses this deficit and is of further importance as such localities in the UK are diminishing in number with the cessation of coal‐mining and the reclamation of mine dumps, further demonstrating the importance and recognition of the Edlington site. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

福建南平安曹下老龄杉木群落生态特征

通过2 400 m2样地调查,研究福建南平溪后安曹下76年生杉木丰产林群落山坡和山洼部位的植物区系组成、群落外貌、多样性指数等群落生态特征,结果表明:老龄杉木群落物种组成丰富,共有维管束植物71科,119属,168种;蕨类植物种类比例大;种子植物属的分布区类型以泛热带成分占的比例最高(山坡和山洼部分分别为27.59%和34.55%),热带性分布成分占优势(山坡和山洼部分分别为70.11%和74.55%),体现了群落的中亚热带性质;各层次的多样性表现为:灌木层(包括幼苗幼树)＞草本层＞乔木层;坡位因子对老龄杉木群落生态特征产生一定的影响.     

Plant species diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Bhabha Valley in western Himalaya

The present study highlights the rich species diversity of higher plants in the Bhabha Valley of western Himalaya in India. The analysis of species diversity revealed that a total of 313 species of higher plants inhabit the valley with a characteristic of moist alpine shrub vegetation. The herbaceous life forms dominate and increase with increasing altitude. The major representations are from the families Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae and Poaceae, suggesting thereby the alpine meadow nature of the study area. The effect of altitude on species diversity displays a hump-shaped curve which may be attributed to increase in habitat diversity at the median ranges and relatively less habitat diversity at higher altitudes. The anthropogenic pressure at lower altitudes results in low plant diversity towards the bottom of the valley with most of the species being exotic in nature. Though the plant diversity is less at higher altitudinal ranges, the uniqueness is relatively high with high species replacement rates. More than 90 % of variability in the species diversity could be explained using appropriate quantitative and statistical analysis along the altitudinal gradient. The valley harbours 18 threatened and 41 endemic species, most of which occur at higher altitudinal gradients due to habitat specificity.     

晚古生代中国大陆与欧美地区植物群之间的差异及其原因

晚古生代同处于赤道或低纬度地带的中国大陆植物群与欧美地区同期植物群之间总存在一定的差异。中泥盆世－早石炭世维宪期,中国大陆以石松类的大量繁育和高度分异为显著特色,而同期的欧美地区植物群以古蕨类和前裸子植物为其主体;纳缪尔期－二叠纪,大量东亚型鳞木类植物及许多地方性植物属相继在中国大陆出现,使它和欧美植物群之间差距进一步拉大。     

Zinc in Fish, Crabs, Oysters, and Mangrove Flora and Fauna from Cleveland Bay

Zinc in muscle tissue from 28 species of fish, three species of sharks and rays, two species of squid and cuttlefish, and three species of crustacea collected from Cleveland Bay, together with some measurements made on oysters and mangrove flora and fauna are reported. In the fish species the mean Zn concentration in muscle tissue was 4.83 ± 2.82 μg/g wet weight, slightly lower than zinc measurements (7 μg/g wet weight) made in 14 fish species collected from the bay in 1975. Zinc in sharks and rays ranged from 3.5 to 7.2 μg/g wet wt, in squid and cuttlefish 13–16 μg/g wet wt, and in crustacea levels ranged from 14 to 18 μg/g wet wt. Zinc levels in fish varied between species with concentrations well below the ANZECC Maximum Residue Limit of zinc in seafood (150 μg/g wet wt). Although lower zinc concentrations were found in oysters collected from the Townsville Harbour area (2080 μg/g wet wt), compared with previous measurements made 25 years ago at this site, these levels are still above the Maximum Residue Limit for zinc in oysters (1000 μg/g wet wt). Concentrations of zinc in oysters from Orpheus Island (2547 μg/g wet wt), about 74 km away from industrial and urban activity, are also above the safe guideline values. Horseshoe Bay oysters transplanted to Ross Creek accumulated zinc at a rate of about 100 μg/g of oyster tissue per week, suggesting that dissolved zinc levels at this site are elevated, and that oysters rapidly accumulate zinc. Highest concentrations of zinc in mangrove leaves (30–65 μg/g dry wt) occurred in Osbornia octodonta, Exocaria agalocha, and Aegialitus annulata, compared with Ceriops tagal, and Avicennia marina (5–10 μg/g dry wt). No significant difference in zinc concentration occurred between leaves and litter fall for most of these species, with the sole exception of Exocaria, which showed almost a twofold increase in concentration. In seven species of mangrove fauna levels of zinc were very uniform and close to 50 μg/g (dry wt) Telescopium telescopium from the mouth of the Ross Estuary was the exception with levels at 400 μg/g (dry wt).     

青海省民和县古近系西宁群孢粉植物群的地质意义

通过从青海省民和县松树公社上路家堡古近系西宁群(EN₁X) 剖面所获得的孢粉可知, 以拟白刺粉属、麻黄粉属为主, 青海粉属、藜粉属次之, 伴有其他孢粉成分参与的这种孢粉组合特征, 反映的是晚始新世西北地区孢粉植物群面貌, 属灌丛植被类型, 即以蒺藜科的白刺属和麻黄科的麻黄属植物为主的灌木繁盛, 乔木植物零星分布, 难以形成大片林地的植物景观.同时从出现的孢粉属种的生态习性分析, 说明当时的气候较炎热、干旱少雨, 大体相当于我国目前中亚热带气候类型.      

贺兰山北段晚石炭世晚期和早二叠世早期植物群古生态学的研究

在综合研究了贺兰山北段晚石炭世晚期和早二叠世早期植物群的特征和性质的基础上 ,对此植物群进行了古生态学方面的分析研究。采用了传统的埋藏学研究模式 ,对不同地区植物化石分别进行了埋藏学的研究 ,得出本区植物群的主要埋藏类型为原地埋藏 ,其次为亚原地埋藏 ,有极少量为异地埋藏。其化石群落基本能反映当时植物群的生活面貌 ,再结合分异度的数据恢复了古群落。此外 ,根据植物群的特征分析 ,得出当时的古气候应为赤道低纬度地区的热带雨林气候     

贺兰山北段晚石炭世和早二叠世植物群古生态研究

对贺兰山北段呼鲁斯太和沙巴台地区晚石炭世和早二叠世植物化石进行了研究，共鉴定植物化石２０属４０种，讨论了植物群的性质和时代。在研究植物群特征基础上，分析了植物化石埋藏类型，论证了植物群的古生态特征，划分了５个植物群落：（１）Ｂｏｔｈｒｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｅ群落；（２）Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｕｂｒｈｏｍｂｉｃｕｍ群落；（３）Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｚｅｉａｎｕｍ群落；（４）Ｔａｅ－ｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｍｕｃｒｏｎａｔａ群落；（５）Ｐｅｃｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ群落。这５个植物群落的时代分别相当于晚石炭世早期、晚石炭世中期、晚石炭世晚期、早二叠世早期和早二叠世晚期。石松类植物在晚石炭世沼泽环境最为丰富，以华夏植物区大量的特有种为特征。而蕨类植物和种子蕨类植物在早二叠世的泥炭沼泽和泛滥平原环境占优势。这些植物群落在晚石炭世和早二叠世广泛分布在不同演化阶段的泥炭沼泽和碎屑低地环境，指示温暖潮湿的气候条件。     

兰州地区第四纪孢粉学研究进展及其问题探讨

根据近年来的孢粉研究成果，本文阐述了兰州地区第四纪孢粉植物群的主要类型及其演替特征，对存在的问题和进一步的研究提出了看法和建议。