First evidence of cryptotephra in palaeoenvironmental records associated with Norse occupation sites in Greenland

The Norse/Viking occupation of Greenland is part of a dispersal of communities across the North Atlantic coincident with the supposed Medieval Warm Period of the late 1st millennium AD. The abandonment of the Greenland settlements has been linked to climatic deterioration in the Little Ice Age as well as other possible explanations. There are significant dating uncertainties over the time of European abandonment of Greenland and the potential influence of climatic deterioration. Dating issues largely revolve around radiocarbon chronologies for Norse settlements and associated mire sequences close to settlement sites. Here we show the potential for moving this situation forward by a combination of palynological, radiocarbon and cryptotephra analyses of environmental records close to three ‘iconic’ Norse sites in the former Eastern Settlement of Greenland – Herjolfsnes, Hvalsey and Garðar (the modern Igaliku). While much work remains to be undertaken, our results show that palynological evidence can provide a useful marker for both the onset and end of Norse occupation in the region, while the radiocarbon chronologies for these sequences remain difficult. Significantly, we here demonstrate the potential for cryptotephra to become a useful tool in resolving the chronology of Norse occupation, when coupled with palynology. For the first time, we show that cryptotephra are present within palaeoenvironmental sequences located within or close to Norse settlement ruin-groups, with tephra horizons detected at all three sites. While shard concentrations were small at Herjolfsnes, concentrations sufficient for geochemical analyses were detected at Igaliku and Hvalsey. WDS-EPMA analyses of these tephra indicate that, unlike the predominantly Icelandic tephra sources reported in the Greenland ice core records, the tephra associated with the Norse sites correlate more closely with volcanic centres in the Aleutians and Cascades. Recent investigations of cryptotephra dispersal from North American centres, along with our new findings, point to the potential for cryptotephra to facilitate hypothesis testing, providing a key chronological tool for refining the timing of Norse activities in Greenland (e.g. abandonment) and of environmental contexts and drivers (e.g. climate forcing).     

Characterization of shape and terminal velocity of tephra particles erupted during the 2002 eruption of Etna volcano,Italy

In this paper, we present a complete morphological characterization of the ash particles erupted on 18 December 2002 from Etna volcano, Italy. The work is based on the acquisition and processing of bidimensional digital images carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to obtain shape parameters by image analysis. We measure aspect ratio (AR), form factor (FF), compactness (CC), and rectangularity (RT) of 2065 ash particles with size between 0.026 and 1.122 mm. We evaluate the variation of these parameters as a function of the grain-size. Ash particles with a diameter of <0.125 mm vary from mostly equant to very equant, ash particles between 0.125 and 0.250 mm have an intermediate shape, and particles with diameters >0.250 mm are subelongate. We find that, on average, particles with a diameter of <0.250 mm are subrounded, particles between 0.250 and 0.50 mm are subangular, and particles >0.50 mm are angular. Using this morphological analysis and an empirical relation between the drag coefficient (C _D) and Reynolds number (R _e) of Wilson and Huang (Earth Planet Sci Lett 44:311–324, 1979), we calculate the terminal settling velocities (V _WH). The comparisons between these velocities and those calculated with the formula of Kunii and Levenspiel (Fluidization engineering. Wiley, New York, pp 97, 1969) (V _KL), which considers ash particles as spheres, show that V _KL are in average 1.28 greater than V _WH. Hence, we quantify the systematic error on the spatial distribution of the mass computed around the volcano carried out by tephra dispersal models when the particles are assumed to be spherical.     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的农村集体土地建设用地管理技术方法研究

明晰集体土地产权,加快推进农村集体土地确权登记发证是当前国土资源管理中的一项重要任务。我国农村集体土地建设用地具有分布广、范围大、分散凌乱等特点,如果按照城镇地籍调查规程开展农村地籍调查,则面临着基础薄、任务重、投入高、时间紧等问题。为此,本文提出一套以高分辨率遥感影像为底图,快速绘制农村集体土地建设用地地块图形、并与实地丈量的边长、面积等属性数据关联、实现图属一体化管理的技术方法,并进行了精度评定试验。基于该技术开发了农村集体土地建设用地数据库建库工具和管理系统,实现了网络化农村集体土地建设用地管理,并在三个试点地区得到较好的应用。     

淮南煤田二叠系高分辨率层序地层学特征

在对淮南煤田二叠系不同周期地层基准面旋回识别和分析的基础上 ,进行了层序地层划分 ,尤其是进行了二叠系四级、五级高分辨率层序的识别与划分。淮南煤田二叠系三级层序内部具有明显的三分性 ,即一个三级层序由底部的低水位体系域、中部的水进体系域和上部的高水位体系域构成。其中水进体系域较薄 ,而低水位体系域和高水位体系域较厚 ,这说明华北南部二叠纪聚煤盆地基准面以下降周期为主导 (持续时间较长 ) ,水进 (盆地水域扩张 )期持续时间较短。基准面升降高频振荡性的变化 ,使盆地沉积环境发生频繁交替 ,从而导致盆地聚煤作用发生高频率变化。淮南煤田二叠系发育煤层达 2 6层之多 ,就是盆地基准面升降高频性变化的结果。研究表明 ,具有工业价值的煤层主要形成于高水位体系域。     

古剂量勘查技术

本文首次报道了我国 An晕勘查法和石英电子自旋共振勘查法的理论和实现该方法研制出的微机化仪器和测量技术 ,以及古剂量勘查法应用于拉拉铜矿中得到的新认识     

On an improvement of a nonlinear iterative scheme for nonlinear wave profile prediction

The authors of the present paper present an iterative scheme to calculate the nonlinear wave profiles [Jang, T.S., Kwon, S.H., 2005. Application of nonlinear iteration scheme to the nonlinear water wave problem: Stokian wave. Ocean Engineering, in press]. The nonlinear operator was constructed from the dynamic boundary condition of the free surface. The initial input of the iterative process was linear potential. The linear dispersion relation was utilized. The authors of the present paper suggest an improved scheme in terms of accuracy and speed of convergence by utilizing the nonlinear dispersion relation. The existence and uniqueness of the improved scheme are illustrated in this paper. The calculation results together with Fast Fourier transform revealed that the improved scheme made it possible to predict higher-order nonlinear characteristics of the Stokes’ wave.     

一个海洋资料的客观分析方法和分析场的置信水平

这项工作提出了用于海洋资料的一个客观分析方法。这个方法是根据ＧａｕｓＭａｒｋｏｖ原理建立的。当给出一个待分析场中有限个资料点上的观测值时，使用这个方法可以得到相应物理量（如速度，流函数和温度等）的最小平方误差的线性估计场。在建立这个方法的过程中，也给出了计算ＲＭＳ误差的公式。使用这个方法还可以设计出有效的空间取样阵列。本文使用这个方法对海冰速度，海面风速和流函数等分别进行了分析，试验结果表明，这个方法简单、方便，得到了满意的结果     

Tephra Fallout Models: The Effect of Different Source Shapes on Isomass Maps

Numerous tephra dispersion and sedimentation models rely on some abstraction of the volcanic plume to simplify forecasts of tephra accumulation as a function of the distance from the volcano. Here we present solutions to the commonly used advection–dispersion equation using a variety of source shapes: a point, horizontal and vertical lines, and a circular disk. These may be related to some volcanic plume structure, such as a strong plume (vertical line), umbrella cloud (circular disk), or co-ignimbrite plume (horizontal line), or can be used to build a more complex plume structure such as a series of circular disks to represent a buoyant weak plume. Basing parameters upon eruption data, we find that depositions for the horizontal source shapes are very similar but differ from the vertical line source deposition. We also compare the deposition from a series of stacked circular disk sources of increasing radius above the volcanic vent with that from a vertical line source.     

吉林省金星金矿床特征及成因探讨

该矿床位于辉南—桦甸—和龙金(银)成矿带的东段,产于太古界三道沟组中,矿体受北西向韧性剪切带内次级断裂控制,成因类型为变质热液韧性剪切带型(蚀变糜棱岩型)。