深水有限振幅重力波的一种解法

采用变量代换的方法,处理水波的自由边界,获得了新的水波控制方程和边界条件。以摄动法解非线性偏微分方程的近似解析解,求得了与三阶斯托克斯波略有差别的非线性波面和包含振幅的非线性水波色散关系,并且得出了二阶以上的波动势函数在深水情况下不为零的结论。     

转换波和非转换波与射线参数p的关系

本文对Aki固体-固体分界面的反射和透射公式进行适当变换,使之成为一组适合不同坐标系下,固体、液体、气体和真空之间所有可能形成的分界面上,入射P、SV和SH波所形成的反射和透射公式,从而把不同边界条件的反射和透射方程统一起来,并且阐明了转换波和非转换波动力学特征的差异.指出:在不同弹性介质分界面上入射平面弹性波,转换波的反射系数和透射系数是射线参数p的奇函数;非转换波的反射系数和透射系数是射线参数p的偶函数.根据奇函数和偶函数的性质可见:垂直入射时不存在转换波.同时也为简化Zoeppricz方程,开展AVO分析打开新思路.     

时间域相邻道地震波衰减成像研究

在时间域中,利用地震记录中的振幅与上升时间信息可以计算出岩石介质的品质因子Q值.由于震源能量难以测量,本文通过共炮点道集相邻道循环对比的方法,消除了震源对计算过程的影响,推导出时间域相邻道振幅与上升时间衰减成像的计算公式,并在振幅衰减成像的计算过程中,去除了非粘滞性衰减成分.为了更全面地综合利用波形信息,并充分利用各种方法的长处,将波速成像、振幅衰减成像、上升时间衰减成像集成到一个处理流程中,通过在岩体结构研究中的实际应用,证明这种综合方法具有灵活、实用、可靠的特点.     

亚波长尺度裂缝地震散射分辨分析

裂缝储层地震特征的准确识别已成为当前地震勘探的难点之一, 特别是深层礁滩或碳酸盐岩储层, 其大部分裂缝都在亚波长尺度, 按照传统地震反射四分之一波长几何分辨准则是不能完全分辨的.传统研究裂缝地震响应的方法主要基于各向异性等效介质理论, 但由于亚波长尺度裂缝微小且其地震反射弱并存在噪声干扰等问题, 故该传统方法逼近精度有限.然而, 这类部分可分辨裂缝可在地震散射范畴来分析和预测, 本文基于散射聚焦分辨分析理论, 提出了表征裂缝系统空间分布和形态特征的波数域散射成像矩阵方法, 据此计算了含裂缝与不含裂缝的波数域成像矩阵之间的振幅差异性和结构差异性, 从散射能量及其各向异性的角度分析了亚波长尺度裂缝的地震可识别性.均匀和复杂背景介质下的算例表明, 振幅差异性随裂缝厚度和密度的变化规律显著, 结构差异性随裂缝角度变化规律更加明显.同时讨论了随机噪声和排列长度等因素对裂缝系统地震散射可识别性的影响.排列长度和噪声对于裂缝厚度响应影响较小, 主要影响高角度裂缝的识别, 同时要求排列长度大于三倍目标深度才可应用该方法进行裂缝参数识别.

     

Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong ground motion from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake

A great number of free-field ground motion records are obtained during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Records from 130 near fault free-field stations within 55 km to the causative fault surface are used as database, and characteristics of earthquake peak ground acceleration, velocity, displacement and duration are analyzed. According to this study, near fault ground motions are strongly affected by distance to fault, fault rupture directivity, site condition, as well as thrust of hanging wall. Compared with empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations used in China, US and Japan, the PGAs and PGVs recorded in this earthquake are not as large as what we have expected for a large earthquake as magnitude 7.6. However, the largest PGV and PGD worldwide were recorded in this event, which are 292 cm/s and 867 cm, respectively. Caused by nonlinear site effects of soil, peaks and corresponding ratios on E-class site were markedly different from those on other sites. Just as observed in historic earthquakes, fault rupture directivity effects caused significant differences between peaks of ground motion of two horizontal components, but took very slight effects on the duration of ground motion. The significant velocity pulses associated with large PGVs and PGDs, as well as large permanent displacements, which may result from the large thrust of the hanging wall, became the outstanding character of this event. Based on this study, we point out that 3D waveform modeling is needed to understand and predict near fault ground motion of large earthquakes.     

云南地区双震型地震序列中第二主震的前震识别

本文通过对双震型地震序列的地震波动力学特征的研究，提出了识别双震中第二主震前震的可能性。结果表明、在双震第一主震发生后，序列地震的Ｐ波垂直分量初动一致时，可依据波形来识别第二主震的前震；而初动不一致时有三种情况：１、两组初动中有一组Ｐ、Ｓ波振幅比仍保持为过原点的直线而另一组离散，２、两组初动的振幅比分别为过原点的直线；３、两组初动的振幅比共同组成过原点的直线，对前两种情况可识别第二主震的前震，最后一种情况难以识别。总体达６０－７０％的可识别率。     

尾波振幅比和能量比异常特征研究

利用中国数字地震台网（CDSN）兰州台记录的短周期数字地震资料，测定了尾波最大振幅与S波最大振幅之比r1、尾波能量与S波能量之比的平方根值r2随时间的变化。结果表明：在永登主震（19950和天祝-古浪主震（1996）前，r1和r2均出现上升或下降异常变化，且有较大的偏离平均值的异常高值或异常低值出现。     

区域震相初至估计

本在地震数据自动化处理中，给出一种基于自回归模型的Akaike information criteria(AIC)算法和信号平均幅值比的混合方法来估计地震信号的初至．用信号的AIC曲线和平均幅值比曲线构造一种叠加曲线，再进行类似于坐标旋转的校正，可以准确估计低信噪比记录中信号的初至，尤其对于震相类型比较复杂的后续震相(如S波、Lg波)的初至估计结果很好．通过对中国数字地震台网乌鲁木齐台记录到的23次天然地震中P波、S波和Lg波的初至估计，与人工分析结果相比，P波初至估计的均方误差为0．71s，后续震相(S波、Lg波)的均方误差为1．64s，优于传统AIC算法的估计结果．     

Exact distributions for apparent waves in irregular seas

We discuss the long-run distributions of several characteristics for the apparent waves in a Gaussian sea. Three types of one-dimensional wave records are considered: 1) the seaway in time at a fixed position; 2) the instantaneous profile along a horizontal line; 3) the encountered seaway. Exact integral forms of the joint long run distributions are derived for the apparent periods, lengths, and heights. Results of numerical approximations of these distributions are presented in examples. For the computations we considered, as the input spectra, empirical estimates of the frequency spectra as well as JONSWAP type spectra. Effective algorithms are discussed and utilized in the form of a comprehensive computer package of numerical routines.     

强振幅地震属性分析技术在车排子地区油气检测中的应用

准噶尔盆地西缘车排子地区是目前中石化的有利探区,P2井的突破,加速了该区油气勘探的步伐.为了提高勘探的经济效益,用地震特殊处理手段对有利目标进行预测就显得非常重要和迫切.本文运用强振幅属性分析技术有效地预测了该区的有利目标区,并经实钻证实.强振幅属性分析技术是目前车排子地区油气检测的有效手段.