柴北缘锡铁山榴辉岩退变质成因角闪石40Ar/39Ar年代学研究

采用激光阶段加热⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar技术,对柴达木盆地北缘锡铁山榴辉岩退变质作用形成的榴闪岩和斜长角闪岩之角闪石进行了定年分析。09NQ44Amp来自榴闪岩,各阶段表观年龄(以现代空气氩⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值295.5扣除非放射性成因⁴⁰Ar)构成了单调下降的阶梯状年龄谱。在反等时线图解上,2~4阶段数据点和5~18阶段数据点分别构成了两条等时线,等时年龄分别为427.6±10Ma和425.1±2.6Ma,对应的初始⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值则分别为435.2±6.1和705.3±13。角闪石09NQ43Amp来自榴辉岩强烈退变质作用形成的斜长角闪岩,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar阶段加热分析也获得单调下降的年龄谱,在反等时线图解上其数据点3~6阶段和7~16阶段分别构成了两条等时线,等时年龄分别为418.9±2.9Ma和418.1±2.1Ma,对应的初始⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值则分别为493.7±2.8和685.8±34.3。等时线截距值高于现代大气⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值,表明角闪石中含过剩⁴⁰Ar。同时,由低温和中-高温阶段加热数据点分别构成两条等时年龄基本一致,截距值却明显不同的等时线,表明在角闪石热力学性质不同的源区,存在两期明显不同且未混合的初始捕获Ar组分。等时年龄425~418Ma代表的是锡铁山榴辉岩角闪岩相退变质作用发生的时间。等时线图解法虽然有效的校正了角闪石中的过剩⁴⁰Ar,但仅根据表观年龄图谱和等时线图谱还无法清晰判断过剩⁴⁰Ar在角闪石中的赋存状态,有待进一步探讨。     

Compositionally zoned Cl-rich amphiboles from North Dabie Shan, China: monitor of high-pressure metamorphic fluid/rock interaction processes

Amphiboles containing up to 4.2 wt.% Cl are found in felsic granulites from Yanzihe within the North Dabie area of the Dabie–Sulu ultrahigh- and high-pressure metamorphic belt in eastern China. Most amphibole grains show considerable zonations with Cl contents ranging from 0 to 4.2 wt.%. Based on their textural features, amphiboles can be divided into four generations: (1) amphibole occurring as inclusions in orthopyroxene (Am-in) with Cl contents around 3.5 wt.%; (2) amphibole forming cores of grains in the matrix (AM-I) with Cl contents between 3.0 and 4.2 wt.%; (3) amphibole with Cl contents of 0.2 to 2.5 wt.% (Am-II) occurring as hydrothermally altered parts of the original amphibole; (4) Cl-free amphibole (Am-III) usually developed at the outermost rim of the grain. Major and rare earth elements show significant variations for Am-I, Am-II and Am-III.

Different generations of amphiboles are related to different metamorphic stages of the granulite in Yanzihe, and provide a monitor for fluid/rock interactions and P–T evolution during the high-pressure metamorphism of Dabie Shan. Pressure and temperature estimates suggest that Am-in was formed during prograde metamorphism of 10 kbar and 700–800 °C; Am-I was formed under peak metamorphic conditions (20 kbar, 800–960 °C), whereas Am-II and Am-III were formed during retrograde metamorphic stages (560–770 °C and 5–7 kbar, and 520–670 °C and <5 kbar, respectively). In contrast to most previous studies, in which the earliest amphiboles to form are typically Cl-poor and later amphiboles become progressively Cl-rich, we show that the earliest amphiboles in the investigated rock are Cl-rich and later formed amphiboles are Cl-poor. The present study also demonstrates that the fluid system of the granulites in North Dabie Shan did not evolve in a simple way: while it behaved as a closed system during prograde and peak metamorphism, after the metamorphic peak it probably acted as an open system in which new fluids were introduced. The varying magnitude of Cl contents in amphiboles stresses the very local fluid control during metamorphism.     

松树沟榴闪岩中的石榴石和角闪石成分环带特征及岩石变质过程

陕西商南松树沟超镁铁质岩体周缘的榴闪岩中的石榴石和角闪石保存着良好的成分环带．这些成分环带及其矿物世代的成分变异表明，榴闪岩经历了区域绿片岩相和高压角闪榴辉岩相两期变质作用．高压变质作用的Ｐ－Ｔ趋势呈特征的发荚型轨迹，这种样式的Ｐ－Ｔ轨迹可为晋宁期间秦岭带局部存在板块构造体制提供重要的变质作用证据．     

海南岛屯昌晨星地区变基性岩体变质特征及构造意义

海南岛屯昌晨星地区变基性岩体原岩可能包括辉长岩(粗粒的斜长角闪岩)、辉长-辉绿岩(中细粒和中粗粒的斜长角闪岩)和枕状熔岩(细粒或块状斜长角闪岩)。由于受多期变质和蚀变作用的影响,组成这些岩石的多数矿物如角闪石、斜长石和绿泥石等常表现两个或两个以上的世代。角闪石环带矿物化学分析表明,从核到边,钛、铝、(钠 钾)含量增长,反映了压力和温度同时升高的进变质演化过程;相反,角闪石环带从核部到边部钛、铝和钾 钠含量降低,则暗示温度和压力同时降低而进入另一个退变质演化阶段。所获得的 Sm-Nd 全岩及角闪石的内部等时线年龄为128±12 Ma、Rb-Sr 全岩等时线年龄分别为131.8±6.2 Ma和344±11Ma。根据角闪石环带、矿物共生组合、微结构以及变质温压条件的半定量计算和同位素定年,屯昌晨星地区变基性岩体的变质作用可能经历了三个演化阶段。第一阶段(～527～450 Ma)可能记录了与洋底变质作用有关的(亚)绿片岩相至角闪岩相条件,早期的阳起石、钙质角闪石及镁铁质角闪石残余核为该阶段的产物;第二阶段(～330～240 Ma)进变质作用达到高峰的P=～0.9 GPa、T=～700℃,显示了过渡的高角闪石相-麻粒岩相变质条件。广泛的剪切变形及韭闪质普通角闪石-韭闪石边是该阶段的产物;第三阶段(～130 Ma～90 Ma)显示一个绿片岩相变质条件(P=～0.1～0.3 GPa、7=～300～400℃),可能与区域/热接触变质有关。因而屯昌晨星地区变基性岩体的变质作用演化显示了一个逆时针 P-T-t 轨迹,最可能与古太平洋板块俯冲导致的大陆边缘裂解及洋壳化和随后的年轻洋壳消亡、陆(华南大陆)-陆(印支板块)碰撞事件有关。     

卡姆斯特蛇绿混杂岩的岩石学研究及其地质意义

东准噶尔卡姆斯特蛇绿岩剖面由玄武岩、变辉长岩、辉石岩、蛇纹石片岩、硅质岩和火山碎屑岩等组成。辉石不发育出溶结构,说明地幔岩侵位过程相对缓慢(从上地幔到下地壳迁移过程中没有发生突然抬升或者 PT 条件的巨大改变)。辉石岩中存在三类角闪石:具有出溶结构的角闪石(Amp Ⅰ,镁绿钙闪石),与 Amp Ⅰ共生的均匀角闪石(Amp Ⅱ,镁质普通角闪石),以及交代单斜辉石边部的角闪石(Amp Ⅲ,钙镁闪石质普通角闪石)。基于对辉石岩和变辉长岩中角闪石的化学组成及其结构的仔细研究,获得该蛇绿岩侵位的基本演化特征如下:地幔岩在中下地壳环境被快速抬升,导致辉石岩中的角闪石分解而形成铬磁铁矿出溶结构,当蛇绿岩侵位到中地壳环境后,岩石经受角闪岩相退变质改造,继续上升到上地壳环境后,岩石发生绿片岩相的退变质。     

Trace element partitioning between amphibole and hydrous silicate glasses at 0.6–2.6 GPa

Partitioning behavior between amphibole and silicate glass of thirty-three minor and trace elements(Sc,Ti, V, Cr, Co, Rb, Sr, P, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, K, La, Ce, Pr,Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Pb,Th, and U) have been determined experimentally. Products of crystallization of hydrous basalt melts from 0.6 GPa/860 °C up to 2.6 GPa/970 °C were obtained in a multianvil apparatus. Major and trace element compositions of amphibole and glass were determined with a combination of electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The main mineral phase is calcic amphibole, and the coexisting glass compositions are tonalite, granodiorite, and granite. The compatibility of rare earth elements increase at 915 °C and then decrease at 970 °C, but the compatibility of most of these elements shows a continued, significant increase with increasing pressure. For high-field strength elements, large ion lithophile elements, actinide compatibility decrease with increasing temperature or pressure, but transition metals show a continued increase in compatibility within the temperature–pressure conditions. From mathematical and graphical fitting, we determined best-fit values for the ideal ionic radius(r_0, 1.01–1.04 ?), the strain-free partitioncoefficient(D_0, 1.18–1.58), and apparent Young's modulus(E, 142–370 GPa) for the M4 site in amphibole according to the lattice strain model. The D_0^M4 for rare earth elements rises at 915 °C and then drops at 970 °C at 0.6 GPa.However, the D_0^M4 values are positively proportional to the pressure for rare earth elements in the amphibole-glass pairs at 0.6–2.6 GPa and 970 °C. Furthermore, the derived best-fit values for r_0^M4 and E^M4 are almost constant and trend to increase with rising temperature and pressure,respectively. The partition coefficient is distinctly different for different melt compositions. The rare earth elements become more enriched in amphibole if the quenched glass is granodiorite or granite compared to the tonalitic glasses.     

Rehabilitation of asbestos mining waste: a Rehabilitation Prioritisation Index (RPI) for South Africa

The much publicised problem with major asbestos pollution and related health issues in South Africa, has called for action to be taken to negate the situation. The aim of this project was to establish a prioritisation index that would provide a scientifically based sequence in which polluted asbestos mines in Southern Africa ought to be rehabilitated. It was reasoned that a computerised database capable of calculating such a Rehabilitation Prioritisation Index (RPI) would be a fruitful departure from the previously used subjective selection prone to human bias. The database was developed in Microsoft Access and both quantitative and qualitative data were used for the calculation of the RPI value. The logical database structure consists of a number of mines, each consisting of a number of dumps, for which a number of samples have been analysed to determine asbestos fibre contents. For this system to be accurate as well as relevant, the data in the database should be revalidated and updated on a regular basis.     

Igneous garnet and amphibole fractionation in the roots of island arcs: experimental constraints on andesitic liquids

To evaluate the role of garnet and amphibole fractionation at conditions relevant for the crystallization of magmas in the roots of island arcs, a series of experiments were performed on a synthetic andesite at conditions ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 GPa, 800–1,000°C and variable H₂O contents. At water undersaturated conditions and fO₂ established around QFM, garnet has a wide stability field. At 1.2 GPa garnet + amphibole are the high-temperature liquidus phases followed by plagioclase at lower temperature. Clinopyroxene reaches its maximal stability at H₂O-contents ≤9 wt% at 950°C and is replaced by amphibole at lower temperature. The slopes of the plagioclase-in boundaries are moderately negative in space. At 0.8 GPa, garnet is stable at magmatic H₂O contents exceeding 8 wt% and is replaced by spinel at decreasing dissolved H₂O. The liquids formed by crystallization evolve through continuous silica increase from andesite to dacite and rhyolite for the 1.2 GPa series, but show substantial enrichment in FeO/MgO for the 0.8 GPa series related to the contrasting roles of garnet and amphibole in fractionating Fe–Mg in derivative liquids. Our experiments indicate that the stability of igneous garnet increases with increasing dissolved H₂O in silicate liquids and is thus likely to affect trace element compositions of H₂O-rich derivative arc volcanic rocks by fractionation. Garnet-controlled trace element ratios cannot be used as a proxy for ‘slab melting’, or dehydration melting in the deep arc. Garnet fractionation, either in the deep crust via formation of garnet gabbros, or in the upper mantle via formation of garnet pyroxenites remains an important alternative, despite the rare occurrence of magmatic garnet in volcanic rocks.     

Nb/Ta fractionation observed in eclogites from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project

This paper reports detailed analyses of Nb and Ta concentrations of 19 eclogite samples and their principal mineral constituents from the main drill hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) and nearby outcrops. We observe highly fractionated and overall suprachondritic Nb/Ta values in minerals, e.g., rutile (4.8–87), titanite (12–62) and amphibole (2.0–67). Amphiboles in amphibolites (retrograded from eclogite) can be classified into two groups: a low Nb/Ta group that bears higher Al contents and is thus of higher pressure origin, and a high Nb/Ta, lower pressure group. The former group was likely formed during subduction; the latter may have formed during exhumation in the presence of rutile and titanite. The significant Nb/Ta fractionation in rutile and other minerals may reflect early dehydration of the subducted slab at shallow depths before the formation of rutile, which occurs at depths ≥50 km. The dehydration, with amphiboles existing as the main Nb–Ta-bearing phase, would lead to Nb/Ta fractionation, i.e., forming subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios in the released fluids and, complementarily, suprachondritic Nb/Ta ratios in the residual phases. While a large proportion of the fluids may escape from the slab to the mantle wedge, considerable amounts of the fluids can be retained in hydrous minerals within the descending slab, thus forming hydrated cold eclogites with subchondritic Nb/Ta characteristics. As subduction continues to depths over 50 km, rutile appears and consequently controls the Nb–Ta budget. In the presence of rutile, melting of the hydrated cold eclogites with very low Nb/Ta ratios would form magmas with negative Nb, Ta anomalies and subchondritic Nb/Ta. Further dehydration of the continuously descending slab results in even more fractionated Nb/Ta ratios in subsequently released fluids and residues, providing a feasible explanation for the large Nb/Ta variation observed in the modern arc magmas and residual eclogites.