陕西神木侏罗纪恐龙足迹的新发现及其地层学意义

在进行文物普查时于陕西神木县栏杆堡镇附近发现了大量恐龙足迹化石,而且足迹的种类也不尽相同,同以往该地发现的足迹类型相比、存在明显的区别。两处足迹化石点地层时代分属早侏罗世和中侏罗世,较之以前在该地和省内其他地方发现的足迹化石的时代要早很多。在对化石所在地层作对比的同时,对陕西神木的恐龙足迹化石分布展开了探讨。     

Plio‐Pleistocene tectonics and eustasy in the Gippsland Basin,southeast Australia: Evidence from magnetic imagery and marine geological data

The Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments of the Gippsland shelf are dominated by mixed carbonates and siliciclastics. From a detailed stratigraphic study that combines conventional marine geology techniques with magnetic imagery, the Late Neogene tectonic and eustatic history can be interpreted and correlated to the onshore section. Stratigraphic analyses of eight oil and gasfield foundation bores drilled to 150 m below the seabed revealed three principal facies types: (i) Facies A is fine‐grained limestone and limey marl deeper than 50 m below the seabed, of Late Pliocene age (nannofossil zones CN11–12); (ii) Facies B is a fine‐coarse pebble quartz‐carbonate sand that occurs 10–50 m below the seabed in the inner shelf, grading down into Facies A in wells in the outer shelf, and is of Early‐Middle Pleistocene age (nannofossil subzones CN13a-14b: ca 1.95–0.26 Ma); and (iii) discontinuous horizons of Facies C composed of carbonate‐poor carbonaceous and micaceous fine quartz sand occurring 10–50 m below the seabed. The sparse benthic foraminifers in Facies C are inner shelf or Gippsland (euryhaline) Lakes forms. Holocene sands dominate the upper 1.5–2.5 m of the Gippsland shelf and disconformably overlie cemented limestones with aragonite dissolution, indicating previous exposure to meteoric water. Nannofossil dating of the limestones indicates ages within subzone CN14b (dated between ca 0.26 and 0.47 Ma). Airborne magnetic imaging across the Gippsland shelf and onshore provides details of buried magnetic palaeoriver channels and barrier systems. The river systems trend south‐southeast from the Snowy, Tambo, Mitchell, Avon, Macalister and Latrobe Rivers across the shelf. Sparker seismic surveys show the magnetic palaeochannels as seismic ‘smudges’ 20–40 m below the seabed. They appear to correspond to Facies C lenses (i.e. are Early to Middle Pleistocene features). Magnetic palaeobarrier systems trending south‐southwest in the inner shelf and onshore beneath the Gippsland Lakes are orientated 15° different to the modern Ninety Mile Beach barrier trend. Offshore, they correlate stratigraphically to progradation packages of Facies B. Analysis of bore data in the adjacent onshore Gippsland Lakes suggests that a Pliocene barrier sequence 100–120 m below surface is overlain by fluvial sand‐gravel and lacustrine mud facies. The ferruginous sandstone beds resemble offshore Facies C, and are located where magnetic palaeoriver channel systems occur, implying Early to Middle Pleistocene ages. Presence of the estuarine bivalve Anadara trapezia in the upper lacustrine mud facies suggests that the Gippsland Lakes/Ninety Mile Beach‐type barriers developed over the past 0.2 million years. Further inland, magnetic river channels that cut across present‐day uplifted structures, such as the Baragwanath Anticline, suggest that onshore Gippsland uplift continued into the Middle Pleistocene.     

非海相白垩系年代学和对比

从1800年代初最早确定的白垩系定义起,白垩系就包括了海相和非海相白垩纪的地层和化石。白垩纪是一个全球性气候温暖、海平面高、构造和火山活动强烈的世界。此时,多块大陆分解,几乎所有海洋都已打开,形成了与现代相近的海陆分布的地理图案。这一变革导致了全球生物群的区域化,给全球对比带来了困难。白垩纪的全球年代地层表是主要依据菊石和微体生物(有孔虫和钙质超微浮游生物)化石,并与已完整建立的全球极性倒转年表和很多放射性同位素年龄相结合的产物。从孢粉到恐龙等各类非海相化石均已用于白垩纪生物地层学。此期专刊的特色是聚焦于区域或全球的孢粉(包括沟鞭藻)、大植物、甲壳类(包括叶肢介和介形类)、软体动物(包括腹足类和双壳类)和脊椎动物(包括硬躯体和足印)非海相白垩纪生物地层学和生物年代学。这些研究大大扩展了非海相白垩系对比的内容,并强调了将能取得更多进展的研究方向。非海相地层和化石群中直接夹有海相地层和化石的剖面/地区的非海相生物地层学更精确的研究,高分辨率的微体化石,特别是既出现于非海相又见于海相地层中的微体化石的微体生物地层学的进展,更多的直接与非海相生物地层学相关的放射性同位素和古地磁年龄的测试,非海相地层的高分辨率层序和旋回地层学分析及与非海相生物地层学对比的化学地层学的发展等,均将促进全球非海相白垩纪地层时代和对比,甚至以国际地质时标为准绳的全球非海相白垩纪地层对比框架表的建立。     

A Middle-Upper Devonian Boundary Section in the Open Platform,Platform Margin Facies of Guilin,South China

The Caiziyan Middle and Upper Devonian boundary section is located approximately 30 km northeast of Guilin.It hosts relatively abundant benthic and common-rare pelagic fossils,including brachiopods,corals,tentaculites,and conodonts,which may serve as a better suitable section for pelagic and neritic stratigraphic correlation.In this section,10"standard"conodont zones are recognized across the Givetian-Frasnian boundary,including,in descending order,the Lower hassi Zone,punctata Zone,transitans Zone,the U...     

Biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary deposits in the Arctic region of West Siberia (Implications of Foraminifers)

Benthic foraminifers from borehole sections recovered by drilling in the Yamal Peninsula, West Siberia, characterize the Ceratobulimina cretacea Beds (the upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian) and the Spiroplectammina variabilis-Gaudryina rugosa spinulosa and Spiroplectammina kasanzevi-Bulimina rosenkrantzi regional zones of the lower and upper Maastrichtian, respectively. The Danian Stage is missing from the sections, which include marine deposits of the Selandian Stage attributed to the Ceratolamarckina tuberculata Beds. Foraminiferal assemblages of the beds include the Siberian endemic species associated with Paleocene foraminifers of the Midway-type fauna of subglobal distribution range. Occurrence of the latter suggests that warm-water surface currents from the North Atlantic reached southern areas of the Kara Sea.     

四川江油渔洞子剖面二叠纪—三叠纪界线生物地层及沉积特征

由于在川西北地区二叠纪-三叠纪界线地层的白云岩中一直没有找到可靠的生物化石,长期以来,白云岩就成为划分该地区二叠纪-三叠纪界线的标志。严格来说,这是一条岩石地层界线,而不是真正意义上的生物地层界线。在对四川江油渔洞子剖面进行详细的生物地层和沉积相研究时,在二叠纪长兴组珊瑚层以上的灰质白云岩中发现了微生物岩层并在其中首次找到了牙形刺H.parvus和灾难种有孔虫化石,从而为我们精确划分川北地区二叠纪-三叠纪的界线生物地层及确定该地区白云岩与微生物岩的时代及生态环境变化提供了可靠的生物化石依据。沉积特征的分析有利于了解从晚二叠世长兴组顶部至早三叠世飞仙关组中下部的沉积历史。     

Source rock characteristics and biostratigraphy of the Lower Silurian (Telychian) organic-rich shales at Akyaka, central Taurus region, Turkey

The Akyaka section in the central Taurus region in the southern part of Turkey includes the organic matter and graptolite-rich black shales which were deposited under dysoxic to anoxic marine conditions in the Early Silurian. A biostratigraphical analysis, based on graptolite assemblages, indicates that the sediments studied may well be referable to the querichi Biozone and early Telychian, Llandovery. A total of 15 samples have been subjected to Leco and Rock-Eval pyrolysis and graptolite reflectance measurements for determination of their source rock characteristics and thermal maturity. The total organic carbon content of the graptolite-bearing shales varies from 1.75 to 3.52 wt% with an average value of 2.86 wt%. The present Rock-Eval pyrolytic yields and calculated values of hydrogen and oxygen indexes imply that the recent organic matter type is inert kerogen. The measured maximum graptolite reflectance (G_Rmax %) values are between 5.04% and 6.75% corresponding to thermally over maturity. This high maturity suggests a deep burial of the Lower Silurian sediments resulting from overburden rocks of Upper Paleozoic to Mesozoic Upper Cretaceous and Middle-Upper Eocene thrusts occurred in the region.     

几丁虫的反射率——早古生代有机岩石学的新前缘

根据对我国扬子地台中部奥陶纪几丁虫生物地层及其壳壁光性特征和反射率的研究，联系华南及塔里木盆地有关的资料，系统总结了我国奥陶纪、志留纪几丁虫生物组合序列的划分及其对比，探讨了几丁虫的光性特征。指出几丁虫在所切光面上具有各向同性的光性特征，只有反射率而无双反射率；在相同成熟度情况下，几丁虫的随机油浸反射率较笔石高，而较虫牙和疑源类低。通过对几丁虫反射率与同层或邻近层位中所测Ｉｃａ、笔石反射率，尤其是分散有机质红外光谱分析所获等效镜质组反射率的对比说明，几丁虫的随机反射率Ｒ０为１０４％～１７０％，＞１７％～３１％和＞３１％～４１％时，分别相当等效镜质组反射率（Ｒ０，ｅｑ）０９％～１３５％，＞１３５％～２２％和２２％～３０％，依次指示含几丁虫母岩有机质演化处于成熟、过成熟早期和过成熟晚期阶段。尽管这个对应关系还需要在今后研究中去进一步证实，但至少说明，几丁虫反射率随有机成熟度增加而增加，对于不含镜质组的晚志留世以前地层来讲，它们可以作为有机质成熟度的指示。     

Climate shifts vs. edaphic humidity and the difficulty of palaeoreconstructions – a malacological study on stable isotopes in Quaternary dune sequences of Fuerteventura

Dune palaeosurface sequences on the Eastern Canary Islands were investigated for stable isotope records in gastropod shells of the genus Theba. Due to the ecology of the taxon and the special oceanic insularity of the study site, we assume that δ¹⁸O_shell signals in our case mainly reflect shifts in δ¹⁸O signals of sea surface water. We found that a rapid decrease in δ¹⁸O_shell signals is associated with significant changes in gastropod associations. We suggest that these faunal changes were caused by strong (hot) winds at the end of glacial phases, that were described previously by Moreno et al. In addition, we assume that rapid declines in δ¹⁸O_shell signals due to marine transgressions were followed by geomorphologically stable phases, dominated by dust enrichment. Such palaeosurfaces correlate with maxima of gastropod biodiversity and with more negative δ¹³C_shell signals indicating a higher proportion of C3 plants. Based on our results, we also assume that these silty palaeosurfaces were associated with increased soil moisture conditions due to a higher water storage capacity of the finer substrate, independent of climatic moisture conditions.     

非海相白垩纪沟鞭藻生物地层学

现代沟鞭藻可以在淡水中生存,在1995年美国报道了中新世淡水多甲藻类沟鞭藻后,证实了有淡水沟鞭藻化石的存在。白垩纪非海相沟鞭藻最早发现于英格兰南部,之后在澳大利亚西南端以及中国的很多陆相沉积盆地中陆续被报道。本文在了解白垩纪非海相沟鞭藻的组合面貌和它们的地质时代以及地层对比关系的基础上,讨论淡水沟鞭藻的生物地层和古环境意义。中国白垩纪沟鞭藻组合面貌如下:早白垩世时松辽盆地的非海相沟鞭藻组合自下而上为:沙河子组和营城组的Vesperopsis-Balmula组合、登楼库组的Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)zhaodongensis组合、泉头组三、四段的Quantouendinium dictyophorum-Operculodinium组合、青山口组的Kiokansium-Tetrachacysta tuberculata组合、姚家组二、三段的Dinogymniopsis daqingensis组合、嫩江组一、二段的Cleistosphaeridium-Dinogymniopsis minor组合、嫩江组三、四段的Nenjiangella granulata-Valensiella dictyophora组合、四方台组中的Pediastrum-Aquadulcum组合和明水组中的Tetranguladinium组合。黑龙江省三江盆地的非海相沟鞭藻组合自下而上为:城子河组的Nyktericysta(Nyktericysta)puyangensis-Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)sanjiangensis组合、Oligosphaeridium-Nyktericysta-Vesperopsis组合、Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)sanjiangensis组合、Nyktericysta(Nyktericysta)puyangensis-Lecaniella proteiformis组合和Vesperopsi,(Ves-peropsis)jixianensis-Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)suibinensis组合、穆棱组的Quantouendinium cf.dictyophorum组合。黑龙江省鸡西盆地滴道组有Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)didaoensis-Lagenorhytis granorugosa非海相沟鞭藻组合。吉林省延吉盆地有铜佛寺组二段的Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)cf.zhaodongensis-Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)yanjiensis非海相沟鞭藻组合和铜佛寺组三段的Filisphaeridium-Sentusidinium非海相沟鞭藻组合;大砬子组中有零星非海相沟鞭藻出现,未能建组合。辽宁省阜新盆地阜新组产Australisphaera fragilis-Ripea sussexensis非海相沟鞭藻组合。内蒙古开鲁盆地非海相沟鞭藻共自下而上分为5个组合:九佛堂组沙海组Quantouendinium cf.microreticulata-Vesperopsis(Vesperopsis)suibinensis组合、阜新组Vesperosis(V.)sp.2-Quantouendinium cf.dictyophorum组合、姚家组Concentricystes组合、嫩江组Leiosphaeridia组合、四方台组Subtilisphaera-Pediastrum组合。内蒙古海拉尔盆地非海相沟鞭藻自下而上可分为5个组合:南屯组Protoellisodinium fibratum-Dinogymniopsis daqingensis组合、大磨拐河组一段上部至二段Versperopsis(Contrangularia)granulata-Vesperopsis(Contrangularia)reticulata组合、大磨拐河组三段Nyktericysta(Nyktericysta)reticulata组合、大磨拐河组四段Palaeoperidinium-Pareodinia组合和伊敏组一段Nyktericysta(Hailaera)hailaerensis组合。内蒙古二连盆地非海相沟鞭藻自下而上2个组合:赛汗塔拉组三段Parabohaidina-Fromea-Quantouendinium-Vesperopsis组合和哈达图组Porusphaeraerenensis组合。江苏省淮安地区泰州组有Palaeoperidinium-Laciniadinium非海相沟鞭藻组合。晚白垩世时广东省三水盆地大塱山组含两个非海相沟鞭藻组合(自下而上):Palaeostomocystis-Campenia组合和Saeptodinium-Laciniadinium组合;湖北省江汉盆地渔洋组有Saeptodinium-Laciniadinium非海相沟鞭藻组合;海南省乐东地区鹿母湾组有Laciniadinium granulatum-Granodiscusgranulatus非海相沟鞭藻组合。国外已报道的非海相沟鞭藻有英格兰Wessex-Weald盆地Weald Clay群Wessex组和Vectis组的Australisphaerafragilis-Ripea sussexensis组合;澳大利亚西南部Perth盆地Parmelia组的Fusiformacystatumida组合带。这些组合中所含沟鞭藻大多为地方性属种,能进行洲际地层对比的属种较少,因此它们的地质时代的确定有时还要依靠其他生物门类和手段。非海相沟鞭藻组合有一些共同的特征,如分异度通常都较低,但丰度可变;沟鞭藻囊孢的形态与海相的相比形态和纹饰都较简单等。一些非海相的属如Nyktericysta和Vesperopsis可视作早白垩世的标准化石,但白垩纪非海相沟鞭藻组合中的多数种都是地方性的,这些组合之间很难直接对比,也不能与海相组合作种级的对比,因此确定它们的地质时代经常需要依靠其他化石。非海相沟鞭藻组合中不同组成分子可以指示古盐度的变化,如角藻类囊孢占主导时,表示接近于淡水,而膝沟藻类囊孢占主导时,则为微咸水或半咸水。古盐度的变化可能是盆地附近海平面变化和古气候变化的结果。一些淡水和微咸水的其他藻类与沟鞭藻的共同存在,如Pediastrum,Scenedesmus和Botryococcus等,是指示古环境的证据之一。虽然非海相沟鞭藻的发现颠覆了传统认为沟鞭藻是海相的观念,但是并不意味着它们不能指示古环境,因为非海相与海相沟鞭藻组合是可以区分开来的。