Situating local experience of risk: Peripherality, marginality and place identity in the UK foot and mouth disease crisis

Research into exposure to, and experience of, environmental risk that has an explicitly spatial focus can be broadly differentiated into two strands. The first strand focuses on the responses of communities of exposure (or the threat of exposure) to some form of environmental hazard and to the policies put in place by institutional actors to manage the hazard. The second strand addresses social inequalities in exposure to environmental hazards and seeks to correlate uneven spatial distributions of risk across different social groups. It is argued that both strands are limited by their respective understandings of space - and that the way in which vulnerable communities experience environmental risk and its management will be shaped significantly by the complex interactions of different spatialisations or constructions of space. We explore this process by examining accounts of local experience of the UK’s 2001 foot and mouth disease crisis and its management in terms of the interplay of two different spatialisations: socio-cultural marginality and political-economic peripherality. We trace the relationship between these cultural and political-economic spatialisations through an analysis of the discursive mobilisation of contrasting place rhetorics. We conclude that focusing on these rhetorics can enhance our understanding of the spatial processes which are constitutive of place identity and in turn mediate the experience of environmental risk and its management.     

Spatio-temporal pattern of viral meningitis in Michigan, 1993-2001

To characterize Michigans high viral meningitis incidence rates, 8,803 cases from 1993–2001 were analyzed for standard epidemiological indices, geographic distribution, and spatio-temporal clusters. Blacks and infants were found to be high-risk groups. Annual seasonality and interannual variability in epidemic magnitude were apparent. Cases were concentrated in southern Michigan, and cumulative incidence was correlated with population density at the county level (r=0.45, p<0.001). Kulldorffs Scan test identified the occurrence of spatio-temporal clusters in Lower Michigan during July–October 1998 and 2001 (p=0.01). More extensive data on cases, laboratory isolates, sociodemographics, and environmental exposures should improve detection and enhance the effectiveness of a Space-Time Information System aimed at prevention.The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Duane Newton, former manager of the Virology Section, Michigan Department of Community Health Bureau of Laboratories, for his provision of data on viral isolates. We also appreciate the contributions of Drs. Leah Estberg and Dunrie Greiling for ClusterSeer support, Scott Swan for his assistance with ArcView GIS, and Dr. Edward L. Ionides for his advice on time series analysis. We are grateful to Dr. Pierre Goovaerts and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. This project was supported in part by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Joint Program on Climate Variability and Human Health, a consortium including the EPA, NASA, NSF, and EPRI (NA16GP2361) to MLW.     

裸洞隧道病害形成耦合机制分析

裸洞隧道病害的产生主要是地下应力场在损伤、渗流、温度等因素的耦合作用下形成的,是非常复杂的非线性耦合过程。从裸洞隧道开挖后的弹塑性应力场出发,使用Bui损伤模型与地下水渗流场组成的激励-反应耦合系统研究病害形成的耦合机制。结果表明,裸洞隧道病害是损伤和渗流耦合强度因子在0.5左右时产生的,随着隧道围岩裂隙的扩展和损伤程度的加剧,围岩塑性区半径随水压力的增加而迅速增大,加速隧道病害的产生,其结果为探明裸洞隧道病害形成机制研究、治理与防护起到一定的理论指导意义。     

杂色鲍裂壳病球状病毒的初步观察

1999年以来 ,广东汕尾地区养殖杂色鲍Haliotisdiversicolor出现了“裂壳病” ,经电镜观察 ,发现感染了一种球状病毒 ,大小为 1 5 0— 2 2 0nm ,皆存在于细胞的细胞质中 ,细胞核内没有发现病毒。主要侵染鲍的腹足、外套膜、性腺、肝、鳃等部位。病鲍表现为头端壳缘外翻 ,呼吸孔融合成一条线 ,活力减弱 ,身体消瘦 ,逐渐死亡。     

固定化微藻对改善养殖水质和增强对虾抗病力的研究

引入固定化波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei)和微绿球藻(Nannochloris oculata)于凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖环境中,检测与凡纳对虾抗病力有关因子的变化和测定主要水质因子,研究固定化微藻改善养殖水质对对虾抗病力的影响。结果表明：引入固定化波吉卵囊藻和微绿球藻的藻珠能改善水质,凡纳对虾的血细胞数目,血清蛋白的含量以及酚氧化酶、溶菌酶、抗菌酶的活性都较对照组显著提高。固定化波吉卵囊藻对氨氮的吸收能力较强,而固定化微绿球藻对亚硝酸盐氮的吸收能力较强。试验期间固定化波吉卵囊藻和微绿球藻的褐藻胶藻珠中的生物量分别增加了约10倍和17倍,证明它们的生理活性不会因固定化而受干扰。因此,固定化微藻可应用于虾池微藻生态调控防病。     

GIS在高速公路岩溶路基病害研究中的应用—— 以水任—南宁高速公路为例

随着人口的增长、经济的发展,一些新高速公路的建设不可避免地经过岩溶发育地区,水任- 南宁高速公路No. 4合同段大约有10km穿过岩溶极为发育的岩溶谷地,下伏著名的地苏地下河系,对路基的稳定性造成巨大威胁。本文以该路段为例,从多源空间数据的管理、数据可视化、动态分段、数据查询、空间分析和专题地图制作等方面介绍GIS在高速公路岩溶路基病害研究中的应用。      

耦合人群移动的COVID-19传染病模型研究进展

构建传染病模型可为疫情防控与公共卫生研究提供至关重要的规划与解析工具。由于宿主行为是传染病传播动态的决定性因素之一,有效耦合人群时空行为对以人为宿主的传染病建模具有重要意义。得益于人群移动大数据研究与应用的快速发展,新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的疫情建模研究中呈现出了耦合人群移动建模的显著特征。为系统深入理解该项传染病模型研究中的重要进展,本文对相关文献进行分析与总结。首先,本文分析了COVID-19疫情与人群移动的交互影响,说明了耦合人群移动构建COVID-19模型的必要性。然后,根据建模的目的和原理,从疫情短期预测与过程模拟2个角度,对耦合人群移动的COVID-19传染病模型进行分类梳理。其中,根据耦合人群移动的方式,本文将面向疫情短期预测的模型分为人群移动一阶量与人群移动二阶量的耦合模型,将基于过程模拟的模型分为群体级别和个体级别的耦合模型。最后,本文评述了耦合人群移动的传染病模型研究进展和未来发展方向,认为该领域研究亟需更加深入建模与疾病传播相关的复杂人群时空行为、提升模型的空间解析能力、突破精细化时空传播模拟的计算瓶颈、拓展与前沿人工智能方法的融合,并构建普适而开放的建模数据与工具以促进应用发展。     

壳寡糖对刺参生长、免疫反应和抗病力的影响

以初始质量(5.28±0.03)g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)为实验对象,进行为期56d的摄食生长实验。在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.25%、0.50%、1.00%和2.00%的壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharide,COS),配制成5种实验饲料,研究壳寡糖对仿刺参生长、免疫反应和抗病力的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加了壳寡糖后,刺参的特定生长率呈上升趋势,但与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。饲料中添加壳寡糖对刺参体腔细胞吞噬活性的影响不显著(P0.05),而显著提高了刺参体腔细胞的呼吸爆发活力(P0.05)。饲料中添加0.50%的壳寡糖可显著提高刺参体腔细胞的一氧化氮合酶活性(P0.05)。刺参体腔细胞内酸性磷酸酶活性呈下降趋势,其中0.50%壳寡糖添加组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。攻毒实验表明,饲料中添加壳寡糖对提高抵抗灿烂弧菌的能力无明显作用(P0.05)。综合比较表明,饲料中添加壳寡糖,对刺参的生长和抵抗灿烂弧菌的能力有一定的促进作用。     

缺血性脑血管病的综合影像诊断分析

目的：探讨CT平扫、CT血流灌注成像（CTP）、磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）及螺旋CT血管造影（CTA）对缺血性脑血管病的比较影像学价值,找出缺血性脑血管病的合理影像检查路径。方法：30例缺血性脑血管病患者经CT、CTA、CTP、DWI检查。结果：30例患者中,12例CT平扫显示责任病灶,27例CTA显示责任血管。DWI与CTP对缺血性脑血管病的敏感性分别为73.3%,83.3%,阳性预测值分别为95.7%,92.6%,两者无显著性差异。结论：CT平扫是常规筛选检查,CTP和DWI是发现脑组织缺血改变的敏感方法,CTA适用于确定责任血管。CTP和DWI、CTA检查可根据病人经济条件及临床表现灵活选择。     

高密度电法在高速公路病害边坡中的应用

近几年,随着我国对山区高速公路建设的投入,对高危病害边坡的研究显得日益重要.众所周知,山区地形地貌一般起伏较大,地质条件相对复杂,且易发育滑坡、崩塌堆积、岩溶塌陷等地质灾害.高效准确地查明这些地质灾害的空间分布特征,对指导地质灾害治理方案设计和安全施工意义重大.以贵州省某高速公路的滑坡勘察应用为实例,介绍高密度电法在边...