Same Disease—different research strategies: Bananas and Black Sigatoka in Brazil and Colombia

Fungal disease epidemics have the potential to bring about drastic innovations. However, in the case of the Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) fungus in bananas, producers and international traders are still awaiting a breakthrough in crop protection research. Using the cases of Brazil and Colombia, this paper examines different agricultural research responses to the disease. Brazil opted to replace susceptible varieties with resistant ones, whereas in Colombia chemical control by private actors dominated. We argue that these different responses result from at least three interrelated factors. First, producer type—smallholder farmers or larger export‐oriented plantations—influences the setting of crop protection research priorities. Second, a central, state‐led role versus a private sector response influences the size and time perspective of research activities. Third, domestic markets with multiple crop varieties versus Cavendish‐only export markets leads to differences in control practices and research responses. From this case study, we argue that the currently proposed innovation systems approaches in international agricultural research should adopt a broader perspective that assesses how research is interwoven with agrarian dynamics, commodity chains and particular state roles to elucidate how state–producer–researcher networks perform disease control and where and how to find new solutions.     

国外防治城市病的规划应对思路与措施借鉴

城市病是随着工业化、城市化进程出现的,已经成为国内外城市发展普遍存在的难题。城市规划和管理是防治城市病的主要途径之一。国外发达国家城市病的主要表现为人口膨胀,城市不堪重负;城市人口贫困失业、居住条件恶劣;交通拥堵,生活质量下降;环境污染,资源短缺;社会冲突、犯罪活动、政治腐败现象加剧;城市无序蔓延,发展失控等方面。针对以上问题,国外从城市规划和管理层面出发,进行了很多的尝试,积累了很多宝贵经验,通过借鉴美、英、日等发达国家治理城市病的规划应对思路,对我国的城市规划管理有很好的启发,今后应更新城市发展理念,加强城市规划编制的科学性与权威性,重视交通规划对城市发展的引导,积极推进各项规划的协调与对接,缩短规划审批周期,严格保障规划的顺利实施。这些规划思路的落实,对于我国防治城市病,推进城市健康发展具有十分重要的意义。     

Relational distance,neoliberalism and the regulation of animal health

Using quantitative and qualitative data, this paper contributes to debates on the uneven geographies of neoliberal animal disease regulation. Specifically, the paper analyses the impacts of neoliberal reforms to animal disease regulation in Great Britain. Focussing on the case of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), the paper analyses how changes to ‘relational distance’ in animal disease regulation have led to closer relationships between regulators (veterinarians) and regulatees (farmers) which in turn has led to a departure from standardised disease regulation to approaches that emphasise greater flexibility and judgement. The paper presents quantitative analysis of bTB testing data revealing the gradual erosion of government control of bTB regulation and significant variations in disease diagnosis between vets in the private and public sectors. Drawing on interviews with senior veterinarians in Government and veterinary organisations, the paper shows how these regulatory structures evolved and came to be accepted despite their limitations. The paper concludes by considering how relational distance contributes to an understanding of the nature of disease and its implications for the wider regulation of animal disease.     

Topographic influence on the winter Mid‐Tasman convergence (note)

Evidence from aerial infrared temperature measurements of the temperature front associated with the winter Mid‐Tasman Convergence Is presented. The position of this feature over the Norfolk Ridge suggests topographic influences on its formation.     

Characteristics of selenium migration in soil–plant system of East Meshchera and Transbaikalia

Herein some results of comparative researches to determine the parameters of selenium migration in meadow biogeocenoses of East Meshchera and East Transbaikalia are presented. The parameters of selenium mobility in soils (i.e., the element total content, plant-accumulation coefficient (Kb) and/or mobile form ratio) in Urov biogeochemical provinces of the East Transbaikalia are quite comparable to the element migration parameters found in selenium-deficient landscapes of the same area. Selenium mobility indices and ecological status are significantly higher for meadow biogeocenoses of the East Meshchera (Moscow Region) and also for limestone soils.     

斑节对虾细菌性烂鳃病的病理组织学观察

对自然发生的斑节对虾烂鳃病进行了病理组织切片观察,发现病虾由杆状细菌感染造成鳃丝萎缩、坏死,鳃小片呼吸上皮脱落,鳃血中有菌团存在,而且病虾的肝胰脏、胃、肠、心脏等器官组织受毒素影响而发生组织变性坏死。证实斑节对虾烂鳃病由杆状细菌感染引起。本文对细菌引起虾体的损害及对虾的防御机制进行了探讨,认为斑节对虾是由于细菌感染造成鳃呼吸功能障碍和细菌毒血症造成肝胰脏功能障碍而死亡。     

广东贵屿土壤Cd、Hg潜在威胁评价

通过表层土壤、深层土壤、水稻样品及水样的采取与分析,结果表明,水俣病的元凶Hg在广东省贵屿镇土壤中具有极高的富集系数,易在酸性条件下向有效形态转化的弱有机结合态Hg占全Hg的17.74%;痛痛病的元凶Cd在部分土壤中的含量已超过环境承受的极限,且最易与生命体发生作用的水溶态Cd和离子交换态Cd占全Cd的比例高达16.2%。Hg、Cd的块金系数均大于70%,具明显的表层富集特征,与家电拆解作坊表层土壤重金属元素同源性较好,说明Cd、Hg的分布、富集受人类活动影响强烈,其对生态环境和居民健康存在极强的潜在威胁,在特定条件下有可能引发各类地方病。     

隧道衬砌渗漏水病害模型试验系统的研制及应用

随着我国隧道通车里程与运营时间的不断增长,越来越多的隧道进入病害高发期,地下水是导致隧道病害最为严重的因素之一,容易诱发衬砌发生渗漏水等病害,为研究隧道衬砌渗漏水病害发生机制,研制了三维地质力学模型试验系统,开展了不同埋深条件下隧道衬砌渗漏水病害模型试验研究。该系统由可拓展模型试验台架、地应力模拟加载装置、地下水模拟加载装置、多场信息实时监测装置和衬砌渗漏水实时量测装置等组成,利用油压千斤顶和多功能加载水泵,采用分级加载方式可对隧道不同埋深进行模拟。将该系统应用于隧道衬砌渗漏水病害模型试验研究,通过对渗漏水量、渗压和位移等信息进行分析,揭示了不同埋深条件下穿越交叉断层隧道衬砌渗漏水病害的演化规律,并对堵排结合治理方案进行了初步研究,验证了排水对降低衬砌渗漏水量的积极作用,试验结果与运营期开元隧道衬砌渗漏水病害工程实例吻合良好,证明该系统稳定可靠,其研究方法及结果可为相关工程提供一定的参考。     

鲁西南地区高氟地下水特征及成因探讨

在鲁西南地区,由于饮用高氟地下水而导致的地氟病,严重影响了当地群众的身心健康。地下水中氟元素的富集是一个非常复杂的水文地球化学过程。水化学测试结果表明,氟含量为0.05~6.7 mg/L,平均1.20 mg/L,高氟分布区主要集中在嘉祥黄河冲洪积平原与山前冲洪积平原交接部位和曹县、单县、菏泽黄河冲洪积平原河间洼地;地下水中氟含量与pH、矿化度之间的相关性不明显、与K++Na+和Ca2+相对含量分别呈正相关和负相关关系、与Ca2+含量相关性显著。本文从地质环境、水文地质环境、水文地球化学角度探讨了浅层高氟地下水的水文地球化学成因,研究了黄泛平原高氟地下水的形成机理,对于确定地氟病的成因及制定地氟病的防治措施,寻找适用饮用的低氟地下水,具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

小麦赤霉病发生量预测预报

采用单因子相关法和多因子线性回归法对豫西地区1985－1999年15年的小麦赤霉病系统观测资料及相关气象资料进行统计分析，经比较，筛选出春季玉米残体菌率、4月下旬－5月下旬雨日、4月下旬－5月下旬雨量3个对小麦赤霉病发生量影响显著的因子，建立预测模型，经回验与预测验证，结果与实际相吻合。