基于ArcGIS的DEM流域划分

从数字高程模型DEM(Digit Elevation Models)直接提取河网及流域信息,是分布式水文模型开发与应用的基础.本文利用ArcGIS中的水文分析工具从DEM中提取了流域水文特征.主要包括:DEM的预处理、水流方向的确定、水流累积量提取、河网的提取、集水区的提取和流域的划分.本文探讨了两种不同划分流域的方法...     

天山北坡三工河流域中山带森林发育与气候土壤的关系

开展干旱区山地森林发育状况及其土壤因素影响的分析,对干旱区乃至全球山地森林带的成因研究具有重要的理论意义。以天山北坡三工河流域为研究区,主要利用森林调查与遥感影像数据,确定该流域森林带的分布状况,并结合流域气象与土壤采样数据,重点分析气候土壤因素对森林发育的影响。结果表明:1.该流域森林带位于海拔1 510～2 720 m,胸径与树高随海拔增加呈双峰曲线;其中胸径两个峰值分别位于约海拔2 000 m与2 550m,而树高峰值分别为海拔2 100 m与2 600 m,均稍高于胸径的峰值海拔高度;2.在森林带内,年均温随海拔高度增加呈线性下降趋势,最冷月均温(1月)则表现先增加后减小趋势;与其他地区相比,该流域高山林线年均温较高,最冷月均温相差较大,而最热月均温差异不明显;年降水量呈先增加后减小的趋势,且在海拔2 000 m左右达到最大值。土壤属性随海拔递增呈规律性的变化趋势:森林带内海拔约2 000～2 700 m树木发育较好,其有机质、全磷及全氮含量较高;CaCO3,pH值及电导率最小值与海拔2 000 m的最大降水带恰好吻合;土壤A层(0～10 cm)有机质、全磷及全氮含量与B(10～30 cm)、C(>3...     

生态系统服务消耗：概念框架与中国西部案例

由于人为因素和自然因素的共同作用,全球生态系统正经历着巨大的变化。而这些驱动因素中,只有人为因素可进行调控。本文以人类对生态系统服务的消耗为着眼点,分析人类在获取舒适生活的过程中与生态系统形成的相互作用。研究从回顾生态系统服务消耗研究入手,建立了将生态系统服务、生态系统服务消耗和生态系统管理三者相联系的概念框架,并构建了生态系统服务消耗研究模型。同时,进一步以中国泾河流域为案例,对模型在生态系统服务直接消耗模式研究中的应用进行了实证研究和探讨。     

滠水河流域经济环境协调发展系统动力学模拟

从系统分析的视角出发,根据滠水河流域的自然与社会经济特点,构建经济环境协调发展系统动力学模型,模型主要参数包括人口、GDP、城市化水平、产业结构、水资源可利用量、水环境容量等。通过模型正负反馈环进行因果关系分析,考虑人口、资源、环境与经济之间的互动与制约关系,进行子系统划分,并确定人口平均增长率、服务业废水率、工业废水率以及水土流失率为敏感性因素,以敏感因素为核心,设计3种不同情景,得出经济、环境协调发展情景为最优方案。通过对不同发展情景的分析与比较,提出滠水河流域有必要采取措施控制人口增长,促进经济发展,保护生态环境,实现该流域经济与环境协调发展。     

一次东北冷涡的天气学分析及基于HYSPLIT4模式的水汽通道特征

摘 要：利用连续一年旌德县负氧离子监测数据,分别以兔儿山公园、路西村茶园代表城市公园、高山茶园这两种生态环境,对城市公园和高山茶园负氧离子浓度特征以及气象要素对负氧离子浓度影响进行比较分析。结果表明：①高山茶园负氧离子浓度显著高于城市公园;②负氧离子浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,春秋季次之,6月负氧离子浓度达全年最高;③负氧离子浓度日变化整体呈“一峰一谷”变化趋势,峰值出现在上午,谷值出现在正午前后,夜间至上午负氧离子浓度较高,城市公园负氧离子浓度日较差较高山茶园偏小;④负氧离子浓度日变化与气温、风速呈显著负相关;⑤负氧离子浓度雨天最高,晴天次之,阴天和多云相对较低,暴雨天气条件下大气负氧离子浓度显著提高。     

地理经纬双向过渡带和复杂地形下气候的过渡性和特异性 ——以宜昌市为例

宜昌处在我国地形第二、第三级阶梯的过渡地带,又位于我国南北过渡带秦巴山地南麓的中低纬度过渡带,长江中上游结合部,山地河谷平原并存,地形复杂,垂直高差大。气候资料分析和文献调研表明,宜昌天气气候因特殊地理环境具有过渡性和特异性：（1）年平均气温主要随地形高度递减,年总降水量主要随纬度升高减小。（2）年暴雨日数、连阴雨天数,在中西部随纬度升高而递减,等值线近似纬向排列;东部随地形升高而递增,等值线近似经向排列。（3）山地平原过渡带地形的阻挡滞留、辐合抬升等对极端短时强降水有明显加强作用,这种作用在秦岭与黄淮过渡带、太行山与华北平原过渡带有相似的天气气候效应。（4）宜昌位于江淮梅雨的西界、华西秋雨的东界,具有天气气候“分水岭”特征。（5）宜昌是暴雨雨团、西南涡移动的主要通道之一。     

Strain rates at high temporal resolution from curved inclusion trails in garnet,Passo del Sole,Central Swiss Alps

Quantitative strain rates at outcrop scale are very difficult to obtain, but they may be estimated from crystals with curved inclusion trails by calculating rotation rates from growth rates and corresponding deflections of the internal foliation. Garnet in a quartzose pelite at Passo del Sole in the central Swiss Alps is extraordinarily valuable for calculation of strain rates during Alpine orogenesis, because the unusual zoning patterns clearly define the kinetics of its nucleation and growth. Complex concentric zoning patterns can be correlated from one crystal to another in a hand sample, based on compositional and microstructural similarities; the ubiquity of these features demonstrates that all garnet crystals nucleated at nearly the same time. Compositional bands whose radial widths are proportional to crystal size provide evidence for growth governed by the kinetics of intergranular diffusion of locally sourced nutrients. Together, these constraints increase the reliability of estimates of rates of garnet growth, and the strain‐rate calculations that depend on them. To obtain growth rates, P–T conditions during garnet crystallization were modelled in a series of pseudosections, and compositional evolution was connected to rates of garnet growth by means of an independently determined heating rate. These growth rates, combined with measured amounts of curvature of inclusion trails, indicate that the time‐averaged strain rate at Passo del Sole during Alpine metamorphism was on the order of 10^?14 s^?1. Strain rates calculated using rotational v. non‐rotational models are similar in magnitude. The constraints on crystallization kinetics also allow direct calculation of strain rates during individual stages of garnet growth, revealing short‐term increases to values on the order of 10^?13 s^?1. These higher strain rates are correlated with the growth of concentric high‐Ca or high‐Mn zones in garnet, which implies that strain softening associated with the transient passage of fluids is responsible for acceleration of deformation during these intervals.     

Middle-Late Alpine thermotectonic evolution of the southern Rhodope Massif,Greece

Abstract

The transition from the Alpine tectonic assembly to the exhumation of the units in the Rhodope metamorphic province in northernmost Greece has been refined by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar laserprobe mica analyses. Preservation of pre-Alpine (~ 280 Ma and 145 Ma) muscovite cooling ages at the western margin of the Rhodope indicate that subsequent events failed to reset the argon system thermally in white mica in the outcropping basement of this region. The central and eastern Rhodope are characterized by white mica cooling ages of 40–35 Ma with ages gradually decreasing to ca. 15 Ma near the eastern margin of the Strymon Valley. The Eo-Oligocene ages reflect the regional exhumation of the metamorphosed units to shallow crustal levels, with corresponding temperatures below ca. 350 °C, by 40–35 Ma. The younger cooling ages are attributed to the initiation and subsequent operation of the Strymon-Thasos detachment system since ca. 30 Ma. This study provides a crucial contribution to future regional tectonic models for the Rhodope region as it recognizes an early stage of development of the Strymon-Thasos detachment system, and has constrained the regional exhumation of the Rhodope metamorphic province since 40 Ma indicating that the regionally observed amphibolite facies metamorphism had terminated by this time. © 2000 Editions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS