海平面上升对长江三角洲海堤、航运和水资源的影响

分析了２０５０ 年长江三角洲地区相对海平面上升５０～７０ ｃｍ 时,将对该地区沿海海堤、航运及海岸带水资源的影响,并就相应的适应对策提出了建议。     

On the orientation of tensile dikes in a ridge-centered plume

We present three-dimensional numerical models of the ascent of a plume under a spreading ridge and the concomitant melt generation and crust formation using a mantle viscosity which depends on pressure, temperature, melt content, and, optionally, water content. From the velocity field of these convection models we compute the viscous stress tensor in the mantle. Assuming that melt-rich channels or melt-filled dikes are oriented parallel to the maximum compressional stress, we calculate the orientation of such dikes in the partially molten zone of the plume head and beneath the ridge. For the central part of the plume we find dike orientations parallel to the ridge in shallow parts of the plume head, while they are ridge-perpendicular at greater depth. The boundary between these two regimes is shifted downwards for a water-rich plume which dehydrates upon melting. The two regimes of different dike or melt channel orientations seem to be in good agreement with seismic observations on depth-dependent seismic anisotropy, indicating a preference of our wet model. We find a modest focusing of melt towards the spreading center beneath normal ridge in both models, but also in the fully dehydrated parts of the plume head in the model where water was included; those are regions where upwelling is essentially passive. In contrast, the plume in the water-free model and the only partly dehydrated parts of the plume in the water-bearing model tend to develop a dike orientation which moves melt away from the spreading center; these regions are characterized by active upwelling. The defocusing of melt in actively upwelling plume mantle has radial symmetry about the plume axis, i.e. an outward orientation of the dikes is not only visible in planes perpendicular to the ridge, but also along the ridge.     

西秦岭月照 琵琶寺地区火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

月照琵琶寺地区的变质火山岩出露于甘肃武都县境内,夹在泥盆系和前震旦碧口群地层之间。按地球化学分类,火山岩可划分为双峰式和碱性两个系列。双峰式火山岩系由低K富Na拉斑玄武岩和酸性英安岩、流纹岩组成。该玄武岩具有类似MORB的微量元素特征,平坦的稀土配分模式,但富Th贫Nb显示其受到陆壳混染的影响。该套火山岩总体特征指示其为大陆裂谷向成熟洋盆转化阶段的产物,从而推测本区火山岩可能为勉略古洋盆西延的分支产物。     

Petrogenesis of Permian alkaline lamprophyres and diabases from the Spanish Central System and their geodynamic context within western Europe

Basic to ultrabasic alkaline lamprophyres and diabases intruded within the Spanish Central System (SCS) during Upper Permian. Their high LREE, LILE and HFSE contents, together with positive Nb–Ta anomalies, link their origin with the infiltration of sublithospheric K-rich fluids. These alkaline dykes may be classified in two distinct groups according to the Sr–Nd isotope ratios: (1) a depleted PREMA-like asthenospheric component, and (2) a BSE-like lithospheric component. A slight enrichment in radiogenic ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb allows the contribution of a recycled crustal or lithospheric component in the mantle sources. The intrusion of this alkaline magmatism is likely to have occurred due to adiabatic decompression and mantle upwelling in the context of the widespread rifting developed from Carboniferous to Permian in western Europe. The clear differences in the geochemical affinity of Lower Permian basic magmas from north-western and south-western Europe might be interpreted in terms of a more extensive separation of both regions during that period, until they were assembled during Upper Permian. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Two magma series and associated ore deposit types in the Permian Emeishan large igneous province, SW China

The Late Middle Permian ( 260 Ma) Emeishan large igneous province in SW China contains two magmatic series, one comprising high-Ti basalts and Fe-rich gabbroic and syenitic intrusions, the other low-Ti basalts and mafic–ultramafic intrusions. The Fe-rich gabbros are spatially and temporally associated with syenites. Each series is associated with a distinctive type of mineralization, the first with giant Fe–Ti–V oxide ore deposits such as Panzhihua and Baima, the second with Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide deposits such as Jinbaoshan, Limahe and Zhubu. New SHRIMP zircon U–Pb isotopic data yielded 263 ± 3 Ma for the Limahe intrusion, 261 ± 2 Ma for the Zhubu intrusion and 262 ± 2 Ma for a syenitic intrusion. These new age dates, together with previously reported SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages, suggest that all these intrusions are contemporaneous with the Emeishan flood basalts and formed during a major igneous event at ca. 260 Ma.The oxide-bearing intrusions have higher Al₂O₃, FeO (as total iron) and total alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O) but lower MgO than the sulfide-bearing intrusions. All intrusions are variably enriched in LREE relative to HREE. The oxide-bearing intrusions display positive Nb- and Ti-anomalies and in certain cases negative Zr–Hf anomalies, whereas the sulfide-bearing intrusions have obvious negative Nb- and Ti-anomalies, a feature of crustal contamination. Individual intrusions have relatively small ranges of Nd(t) values. All the intrusions, however, have Nd(t) values ranging from − 3.9 to + 4.6, and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios from 0.7039 to 0.7105. The syenites have very low MgO (< 2 wt.%) but highly variable Fe₂O₃ (2.5 to 13 wt.%) with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.7039 to 0.7089. Magmas from both series could have derived by melting of a heterogeneous mantle plume: the high-Ti series from a Fe-rich, more fertile source and the low-Ti series from a Fe-poor, more refractory source. In addition, the low-Ti series underwent significant crustal contamination. The two magma series evolved along different paths that led to distinct mineralization styles.     

Magmatic unmixing in spinel from late Precambrian concentrically-zoned mafic–ultramafic intrusions, Eastern Desert, Egypt

Spinel is widespread in the ultramafic core rocks of zoned late Precambrian mafic–ultramafic complexes from the Eastern Desert of Egypt. These complexes; Gabbro Akarem, Genina Gharbia and Abu Hamamid are Precambrian analogues of Alaskan-type complexes, they are not metamorphosed although weakly altered. Each intrusion is composed of a predotite core enveloped by pyroxenites and gabbros at the margin. Silicate mineralogy and chemistry suggest formation by crystal fractionation from a hydrous magma. Relatively high Cr₂O₃ contents are recorded in pyroxenes (up to 1.1 wt.%) and amphiboles (up to 1.4 wt.%) from the three plutons. The chrome spinel crystallized at different stages of melt evolution; as early cumulus inclusions in olivine, inclusions in pyroxenes and amphiboles and late-magmatic intercumulus phase. The intercumulus chrome spinel is homogenous with narrow-range of chemical composition, mainly Fe³⁺-rich spinel. Spinel inclusions in clinopyroxene and amphibole reveal a wide range of Al (27–44 wt.% Al₂O₃) and Mg (6–13 wt.% MgO) contents and are commonly zoned. The different chemistries of those spinels reflect various stages of melt evolution and re-equilibration with the host minerals. The early cumulus chrome spinel reveals a complex unmixing structures and compositions. Three types of unmixed spinels are recognized; crystallographically oriented, irregular and complete separation. Unmixing products are Al-rich (Type I) and Fe³⁺-rich (Type II) spinels with an extensive solid solution between the two end members. The compositions of the unmixed spinels define a miscibility gap with respect to Cr–Al–Fe³⁺, extending from the Fe³⁺–Al join towards the Cr corner. Spinel unmixing occurs in response to cooling and the increase in oxidation state. The chemistry and grain size of the initial spinel and the cooling rate control the type of unmixing and the chemistry of the final products. Causes of spinel unmixing during late-magmatic stage are analogous to those in metamorphosed complexes. The chemistry of the unmixed spinels is completely different from the initial spinel composition and is not useful in petrogenetic interpretations. Spinels from oxidized magmas are likely to re-equilibrate during cooling and are not good tools for genetic considerations.     

大同第四纪火山群的活动特点

一、引言大同第四纪火山群位于山西省大同县和阳高县境内(图1),包括近5年来在大峪口,秋林地区首次发现的6个小火山。该火山群大、小火山共计31个。大同火山群南以六棱山北麓断裂为界,分布于大同盆地东部的第四纪沉积区范围。火山群南侧的六棱山和北部的小北山是由前寒武花岗片麻岩组成的山地。     

北大巴山超基性、基性岩墙和碱质火山杂岩形成时代的新证据及其地质意义

北大巴山早古生代地层广泛出露一套超基性、基性岩墙和碱质火山杂岩(包括碱性玄武岩和粗面岩),为研究北大巴山早古生代构造演化提供了重要的载体。本文通过利用锆石U-Pb定年和金云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素定年方法对它们的形成时代进行了系统研究,结合地球化学特征探讨它们的成因及构造意义。通过对岚皋县和镇坪县的两个辉绿岩墙开展锆石U-Pb定年,分别获得它们的年龄为399±1Ma和451±4 Ma,是研究区目前已报道的有关超基性、基性岩墙最年轻和最老的就位时代。地球化学分析结果表明,它们的主量元素与区内其他基性岩墙位于同一演化趋势线上,微量和稀土元素地球化学特征相似,类似于OIB的特征,表明它们来自相同的地幔源区。因此,研究区内基性岩墙侵入事件最早开始于晚奥陶世中期(约450Ma),结束于早泥盆世晚期(约400 Ma),期间经历了多次岩浆侵入活动。对与碱性玄武岩共生的火山碎屑岩中金云母晶屑进行~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素定年,获得年龄446±3Ma,代表了火山喷发时间,表明碱性玄武质岩浆喷发活动与基性岩浆侵入事件大致同时发生。对粗面岩进行SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年虽未获得准确的岩浆结晶年龄,但较年轻锆石年龄(165±3Ma和229±2Ma)的存在,暗示其形成时代可能属于中生代。系统的年代学研究表明,北大巴山地区早古生代地层中的超基性、基性岩墙和碱性玄武质火山杂岩为同期岩浆活动的产物,最早开始于450Ma,经历了多期火山喷发和岩浆侵入活动(450~400 Ma),结束于早泥盆世晚期(~400Ma)。而粗面岩与上述岩石不是同一期岩浆活动产物,研究区不存在双峰式火成岩组合,它们可能形成于中生代,属于南秦岭中生代岩浆活动的产物,为南秦岭、北大巴山中生代成矿作用提供物源。     

The inventory and chemical characterization of dissolved proteins in oceanic waters

One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) were applied to separate protein molecules in dissolved organic matter (DOM) from oceanic waters. Results were: (1) The 2-DE distinguished a total of 412 protein spots in 10 samples from five water columns over the Pacific, although fewer than 30 proteins were resolved as bands from the identical samples by SDS-PAGE. (2) Major and ubiquitous protein bands (34 and 39 kDa proteins) on the SDS-PAGE gel were resolved into horizontally spread arrays (trains) of spots on the 2-DE gels, indicating that these bands were a mixture of protein species that have the same molecular weight (MW) but different isoelectric points (pIs). (3) Proteins that exhibited such electrophoretic patterns on the 2-DE gels were glycosylated with variable linkages between the sugar and polypeptide chains. (4) N-terminal amino-acid sequencing demonstrated that individual spots within each train of spots had identical N-terminal amino-acid sequences.The N-terminal amino-acid sequences of the 39 and 34 kDa glycoprotein spots in samples collected at different sites were also identical. Protein isoforms with the same amino-acid sequence but different glycosylation profiles, termed glycoforms, were often observed on the 2-DE gel. Thirty-one and 24 spots on the 2-DE gels were glycoforms of two glycoproteins with MWs of 39 and 34 kDa, respectively; they were one protein species. The glycoforms of the 39 kDa protein were identified as a low molecular weight alkaline phosphatase (L-AP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by a homology search through five amino-acid sequence databases. The present and earlier work indicates that all identified source organisms of dissolved proteins belong to the Pseudomonas group. We propose the hypothesis that proteins associated with membrane vesicles liberated from a minor member of the bacterioplankton assemblage, the marine Pseudomonas group, are one of the important sources of dissolved proteins in oceanic waters. This hypothesis may apply to the source pathway and survival not only of proteins and also to the universally occurring bacterial peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide components in DOM.     

The use of surface alkaline phosphatase activity in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica as a biomarker of eutrophication

Eutrophication is one of the most relevant man‐induced changes occurring in coastal waters. The identification and assessment of specific responses to eutrophication in seagrasses can provide a useful tool for the detection of changes in the water quality in coastal zones, given the wide range of distribution of these organisms. In this study, we combine a correlational (across‐sites comparison) and a manipulative (fertilization experiment) approach to evaluate the usefulness and potential of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) in the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica as an eutrophication biomarker. Our results showed that APA decreases promptly following nutrient additions, the response being maintained except during the winter period. APA also varies across natural meadows under different levels of nutrient discharges at scales relevant for monitoring purposes. AP activity seems to be an optimal ‘physiological biomarker’ that responds promptly and reliably to a pulse of eutrophication exposure. However, other considerations, such as the seasonality (the response disappears in winter), suggest its use with some caution and, as far as possible, as a complement of other bio‐indicators.