Characterization of Bulgarian oil shale kerogen revealed by oxidative degradation

A 13-step alkaline permanganate degradation of Bulgarian oil shale kerogen concentrate at ambient temperature was carried out. A high yield of oxidation products (90.1%) and a low yield of gaseous products (2.79%) were obtained. IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopic studies have shown that two significantly different types of high molecular products are present in kerogen. Further oxidation of these structures leads to the formation of low molecular aliphatic and aromatic acids, proven by gas chromotography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The data obtained at these mild conditions allow us to acquire detailed information about the aromatic structures and polymethylene chain lengths in kerogen.The 5-step oxidation of the kerogen at 90 °C provides information about stable aromatic structures. Soluble and insoluble polyfunctional acids in acid medium have close molecular masses and spectral characteristics. The amount of benzene and naphthalene carboxylic acids is 11.3% of the organic matter of the oil shale.     

微藻及其碳酸酐酶对石灰岩土壤系统中钙元素迁移的驱动作用实验研究

本文以微藻(莱茵衣藻)为材料,通过室内模拟石灰岩土壤系统,对接种微藻的土柱进行不同淋滤条件的处理,系统监测了淋出液的电导率、Ca2+浓度和碳酸酐酶的活性。结果表明,以双蒸水进行淋滤的土柱,Ca2+总淋出量在24 d时仅为以微藻培养液进行淋滤土柱的11.9%,且淋出液碳酸酐酶的平均活性与Ca2+总淋出量间有较好的相关性,说明微藻及其碳酸酐酶对石灰岩土壤系统中的Ca元素迁移有较强的驱动作用。本文的研究结果为探讨藻类碳酸酐酶在岩溶发育中的作用提供了一定的科学依据,进一步深入研究将有助于弄清藻类及其碳酸酐酶对岩溶碳汇的作用。     

REE mineralogy and geochemistry of the Western Keivy peralkaline granite massif,Kola Peninsula,Russia

The authors have studied the geology, geochemistry, petrology and mineralogy of the rare earth elements (REE) occurring in the Western Keivy peralkaline granite massif (Kola Peninsula, NW Russia) aged 2674 ± 6 Ma. The massif hosts Zr- and REE-rich areas with economic potential (e.g. the Yumperuaiv and Large Pedestal Zr-REE deposits), where 25% of ΣREE are represented by heavy REE (HREE). The main REE minerals are: chevkinite-(Ce), britholite-(Y) and products of their metamict decay, bastnäsite-(Ce), allanite-(Ce), fergusonite-(Y), monazite-(Ce), and others. The areas contain also significant quantities of zircon reaching potentially economic levels. We have discovered that behavior of REE and Zr is controlled by alkalinity of melt/solution, which, in turn, is controlled by crystallization of alkaline pyroxenes (predominantly aegirine) and amphiboles (predominantly arfvedsonite) at a late magmatic stage. Crystallization of mafic minerals leads to a sharp increase of K₂O content and decrease of SiO₂ content that cause a decrease of melt viscosity and REE and Zr solubility in the liquid. Therefore, REE and zirconium immediately precipitate as zircon and REE-minerals. There are numerous pod- and lens-like granitic pegmatites within the massif. Pegmatites in the REE-rich areas are also enriched in REE, but HREE prevails over light REE (LREE), about 88% of REE sum.     

地浸砂岩铀矿钻探现状及发展

针对地浸砂岩铀矿钻探工作中最突出的钻探设备和钻进工艺问题,介绍了前苏联国家的有关成熟经验,并结合实际情况,探讨了如何进行钻探设备配套和加强钻进工艺研究的具体问题。     

沉积型铝土矿的陆表淋滤成矿作用: 兼论铝土矿床的成因分类*

铝土矿是化学风化作用的细粒终极产物,与强烈的化学风化作用密切相关。根据母岩的类别及作用过程,风化作用进一步分为铝硅酸盐岩强化学风化形成的红土化作用和碳酸盐岩强化学风化形成的钙红土化作用。在强烈的化学风化过程中,地表的原始沉积物(母岩)的原生矿物发生溶蚀、水解、水化、碳酸化、氧化,破坏原始的矿物结构,形成新的细粒矿物(主要是黏土质矿物)。在适合的地质条件下,持续的强烈化学风化作用会造成大部分活动的元素(如K、Na、Ca、Mg、Si)的流失与Al的残留富集从而形成铝土矿。现在观察到的沉积型铝土矿,虽然与古风化壳具有密切联系,但沉积型铝土矿多数是由沉积过程搬运到沉积盆地中所形成的强化学风化产物的沉积层,与古风化壳的残坡积层具有显著差别,只有少数工业价值不大(品位低、品质差)的残坡积相铝土矿。铝土矿含矿岩系的沉积环境与铝土矿(尤其是高品位、高品质的铝土矿)的成矿环境不尽相同。铝土矿主要形成于暴露于大气中的陆表环境(而非水下环境),由地下水淋滤作用形成(在渗流带由活动元素流失、Al等稳定元素残留富集而成)。本研究在铝土矿成矿作用分析等基础上,提出了以铝土矿沉积物等物源和沉积、成矿作用为依据的中国铝土矿床分类方案,包括原地或准原地残坡积物成因的红土型和喀斯特型,和异地物源沉积成因的沉积型。     

铜盐絮凝沉淀法处理含砷浸金溶液试验研究

絮凝共沉法是目前处理含砷废水用得最多的方法。本文对利用铜盐絮凝共沉淀法处理含砷浸金溶液进行试验研究,取得了满意的效果。研究表明,在试验确定的工艺条件下可除去浸金溶液中99.9%以上的砷,同时99.5%以上的金仍保留在溶液中。有利于后续活性吸附和解析工艺,同时避免了砷的环境污染。     

吉林西部地区第四系潜水水质影响因素的R型因子分析

利用R型因子分析法对吉林西部地区第四系潜水样的水化学数据进行分析,识别出影响地下水化学组成的4个主因子。因子1以Na ,HCO3-和F-为主,揭示了土壤的溶滤作用对地下水化学成分的影响;因子2以Cl-,SO42-和Ca2 为主,反映蒸发浓缩作用对地下水化学成分的影响;因子3以K 和pH值为主,代表地下水的弱碱环境地球化学背景;因子4以NO3-为主,反映了人类活动(化肥和农药的广泛施用、大中城市的生活污水和工业污水的污染)对地下水化学成分的影响作用。     

Unusual rocks and mineralisation in a new carbonatite complex at Kandaguba, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The paper presents the results from a reconnaissance investigation of carbonatites in a newly discovered alkaline complex in the Kola peninsula, Russia. The Kandaguba complex differs from other carbonatite plutons of the Kola alkaline province by (a) the absence of ultrabasic rocks, (b) widespread occurrence of nepheline-, cancrinite- and nepheline–cancrinite syenites and carbonatites and (c) presence of apatite–calcite ijolites and feldspar ijolites as separate intrusive phase. The Kandaguba carbonatites are notable for the predominance of late ferromagnesian varieties together with quartz and numerous accessory mineral species. The association of phosphates (monazite, gorseixite, goyazite, apatite), sulphides and tellurides (pyrite, sphalerite, galena, hessite), ilmenorutile, barite with quartz and ankerite is a remarkable feature of these carbonatites. The Kandaguba carbonatites are inferred to have been generated as the products of liquid immiscibility followed by differentiation of the carbonatite melt.     

Bioavailability of heavy metals in urban particles

Urban particles, as one of the toxic air pollutants, are important issues concerning air quality and public health, especially in large cities like Guangzhou （China）. Toxicological studies implicated heavy metals （particularly water-soluble metals） as a health hazard of particles. Once absorbed into human lung tissues, heavy metals are likely released from the particles and do harm to human body even in low concentrations. Thus, evaluating the bioavailability of heavy metals in urban particles is quite necessary. The particle samples used in this study were collected from a building roof in Guangzhou. Three different methods, sequential extraction procedure and two leaching tests, were employed to investigate the bioavailability of heavy metals in the particles. The sequential extraction scheme is specific for analyzing the chemical speciation of metals in particles, which consists of four fractions： F1： soluble and exchangeable metals; F2： carbonates, oxides and reducible metals; F3： bound to organic matter, oxidisable and sulphidic metals; and F4： residual metals. Leaching tests, GB 5086.2-1997 and TCLP, are standard methods developed by China-EPA and US-EPA and widely used in evaluating the toxicity of solid wastes. They were applied to gain additional information about more easily mobilized form of metal. Heavy metals in extraction solution, including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni, were analyzed by ICP-MS. According to the data from the total concentration analysis, the relative contents of 6 heavy metals in particles follow the order of Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Cr〉Ni〉Cd. The results of sequential extraction showed that more than 50% of Cu, Zn and Cd were distributed in the F1, F2, and F3. This indicated that the bioavailability of Cu, Zn and Cd in the particles is much higher than that of Pb, Cr, and Ni. Leaching tests revealed that the concentrations of heavy metals in leachate are relatively lower than the regulatory level. The results of TCLP are much higher than those of GB 5086.2-1997, mainly due to the low pH value of the extraction fluid.     

内蒙古固阳东部碱性侵入岩:年代学、成因与地质意义

在内蒙古固阳县东部出露了两个碱性岩体,最近的年代学研究显示这两个碱性侵入体分别形成于中元古代早期和晚古生代早期,瓦窑石英正长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为1702±32Ma,高家村角闪正长岩的SHRIMP年龄为399±7Ma,TIMS法锆石U-Pb为389.9±4.7Ma。瓦窑石英正长岩相对贫Ca、贫Sr、高TiO2/MgO和FeOT/MgO、高Ga/Al,Eu负异常;岩石高87Sr/86Sr比值、低143Nd/144Nd比值、εNd(t)为-6.2～-6.5,地球化学特点显示铝质"A"型花岗岩性质,岩浆源区为大陆上部地壳,是拉张低压背景下部分熔融的产物。高家村角闪正长岩高碱(K2O+Na2O为10.92%～11.67%),Sr正异常,弱正铕异常,具有较低的87Sr/86Sr比值、适中的143Nd/144Nd比值,εNd(t)为-14.4～-14.9,具有高压型正长岩的特征,岩石应形成于大陆下部地壳,属后造山崩塌早期阶段的产物。这两个岩体的形成时代分别与冀北地区的中元古代非造山岩浆岩组合(斜长岩-正长岩-环斑花岗岩组合)和晚古生代的水泉沟正长岩相对应,有可能构成华北克拉通北缘两条延伸数百千米的碱性侵入岩带。中元古代早期的碱性侵入岩带代表着华北克拉通在古元古代末汇聚造山后的裂解事件;而早(-中)泥盆世的碱性侵入岩带则代表着华北克拉通北缘早古生代末弧-陆拼合造山后的伸展事件。