荒漠绿洲农田土壤水热动态及硝态氮淋溶特征北大核心CSCD

灌溉和氮肥的施用是保障干旱荒漠区农田生产的关键措施,但过量的氮肥会随水分淋溶至深层土壤或地下水中,从而导致氮素的损耗和地下水的污染。本研究以黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带两种开垦年限的农田土壤(风沙土和灰棕漠土)为研究对象,通过土柱模拟试验监测分析了玉米生育期和休闲期内土壤水分和温度的动态变化及硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)的淋溶规律,揭示了不同耕作年限农田土壤中硝态氮损耗的差异。结果表明:新绿洲农田深层渗漏及NO3--N的淋失主要发生在苗期-拔节期以及休耕期,深层渗漏年损失量97.65-105.1 mm,占年灌溉水总量(810 mm)的12%-13%,NO_(3)^(-)-N淋溶年损失量68.1-123.8 kg·hm^(-2),占年施氮总量的18.7%-34.2%,休耕期灌水致使生育期内土壤中大量积累的氮素淋溶至深层,NO3--N淋失量是当年生育期内NO_(3)^(-)-N淋失量的2.2倍;开垦年限较长的老绿洲农田在相同灌溉施肥条件下无深层渗漏和NO_(3)^(-)-N的淋失现象发生,其“蓄水保墒”及抑制水分和NO_(3)^(-)-N渗漏淋失的生态效应优于开垦年限较短的新垦绿洲农田。因此,为降低土壤水分损失和NO_(3)^(-)-N淋失风险,建议新绿洲农田生育期内减少春季灌溉次数或降低灌水定额,冬季休耕期降低灌水定额或采取免冬灌措施,以此保证灌溉水资源的优化利用并减少农田氮素的淋失。     

江西某铀矿堆浸工艺参数的设定及工艺参数优化

铀矿堆浸浸出法进行铀矿采集生产时存在着矿料浸出率过低、溶解酸耗量过大、产生较大环境污染等问题。以江西某铀矿作为研究对象,通过堆浸试验进行分析研究,优化铀矿堆浸的工艺参数:铀矿堆浸高度宜为3.5~4.0m,矿石粒径级配为6~8mm,在喷淋浸出初期(0~30d)采用20g/L的浓硫酸进行喷淋,喷淋强度宜为15L/(h·m2),在喷淋浸出期(30d~60d)采用20g/L的浓硫酸进行喷淋,喷淋强度宜为20L/(h·m2),在喷淋浸出后期(60d~120d)采用10g/L的浓硫酸进行喷淋,喷淋强度宜为8L/(h·m2)。     

中南地区碎裂蚀变花岗岩型铀矿溶浸试验

简要叙述了溶浸采矿的重要意义,并主要以GX铀矿样为例进行碎裂蚀变花岗岩型铀矿溶浸试验。介绍了中南地区碎裂蚀变花岗岩型铀矿样的矿物组成及性质、铀含量、化学组分、原矿筛析、柱浸和富集过程,以及溶浸采矿的直接成本核算方法与核算结果。该试验结果为本区溶浸采矿的半工业试验提供了基础数据。     

硫酸盐结晶法分离富集红土型镍矿酸溶浸出液中镍的实验研究

红土型镍矿中镍的常压酸溶浸出是近年来国际上研究的热点。本文对红土型镍矿常压硫酸浸出液中镍的分离富集进行了初步的实验研究。不同条件的硫酸盐结晶实验表明,红土镍矿硫酸常压浸出液硫酸盐结晶析出晶体主要为MgSO4.H2O。析出晶体中除了金属元素Mg,还有少量的Fe和Ni,并且Fe/Ni较原矿中大大缩小。该硫酸盐析出晶体利于后续处理中金属Ni的进一步富集回收。利用硫酸盐结晶过程富集与回收红土型镍矿常压硫酸浸出液中镍的方法,既减少能源消耗,又有利于环境保护,是一种简单易行且成本低廉的绿色生产工艺。     

桂北地下热水溶滤金矿床地质特征及成因

桂北原生金矿由一系列贫—少硫化物石英脉型金矿组成。经矿床地质、地球化学特征和流体包裹体、同位素多方面研究，认为桂北金矿是产于碎屑岩中的地下热水溶滤型金矿。其矿源主要来源于上地壳围岩，水源为大气降水，硫源主要来自深部（下地壳），通过深大断裂被带到成矿热液中，并混染了大量海成硫酸盐或沉积硫化物，热源由地壳增温和断裂磨擦提供。成矿流体为Ｋ＋—Ｎａ＋—Ｃａ２＋—ＳＯ２－４—Ｈ２Ｏ的低盐度、低密度稀释溶液。成矿温度以１３０～２３０℃为主，压力２３０～７００Ｐａ。成矿模式年龄约为１６６．４Ｍａ。     

马海盐湖浮选法生产氯化钾排放尾盐中钾资源的强制浸取技术研究

马海盐湖钾资源经过十几年的开发,在生产氯化钾过程中排放了大量的含钾尾盐,随着盐湖钾资源持续的开发,马海盐湖的钾资源已凸显日益枯竭的趋势,为高效利用马海盐湖的钾盐资源,近年来开展了对浮选法生产氯化钾过程所排放的含钾尾盐矿的开发利用技术研究。介绍了采用强制搅拌溶浸技术,溶浸马海盐湖含钾尾矿中钾资源的试验情况及所取得的试验结果,并对试验过程中出现的问题进行了讨论。     

填海造陆区水环境演变与对策研究进展

填海造陆区普遍存在次生盐渍化、地下结构物腐蚀等生态环境问题,尤其在中国北方沿海地区年蒸发量远大于降雨量的水循环条件下,此类问题更为突出。在简要回顾了填海现状和发展趋势的基础上,总结了填海后地下水系统和土体环境的演变趋势,并分析了造成上述影响的主要原因。通过对比湿润地区与半干旱地区的气候差异,认为利用集雨措施来引导自然淡化过程从而构建长效淋盐机制是半干旱填海区盐渍化防治的关键。同时指出,因地制宜地规划土体结构、提升排盐能力和种植绿化植物,是搭建和维持填海造陆区健康稳定生态系统的必要之举。     

准格尔地区粉煤灰中镓的浸出率影响因素研究

为了粉煤灰的高附加值综合利用,采用酸浸法对准格尔地区循环流化床粉煤灰进行了镓的浸出实验研究,考察了多种因素对镓的浸出率的影响,包括粉煤灰粒度,酸的种类与浓度、酸浸温度与时间、固液比等。结果表明,提高镓的浸出率的适宜条件为：粉煤灰粒度200目,盐酸的浓度6 mol/L,酸浸温度应大于160℃,酸浸时间6 h,液固比在5∶1～6∶1之间为宜。在优选的工艺条件下,镓的浸出率可达80％以上。从粉煤灰中提取镓,使其作为一种资源加以利用,是提高粉煤灰综合利用价值的有效途径。     

Using a Simple Soil Column Method to Evaluate Soil Phosphorus Leaching Risk

The impacts of soil P leaching on water eutrophication have widely been concerned. However, there is no dependable method to quantitatively estimate the P leaching risk of soils. In this study, a simple soil column method was developed using two calcareous Fluvisols, silt loam and loam. The soil column was 20 cm in length and 5 cm in diameter, and distilled water was continuously supplied from the top. The volume and dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations of leachate were measured. Results showed that DRP concentrations in leachate increased slowly for the low soil Olsen‐P levels but rapidly for the high Olsen‐P levels. According to these two‐phase changes in the DRP versus soil Olsen‐P contents, the thresholds of P leaching risk were estimated to be 41.1 and 62.3 mg P kg^?1 (Olsen‐P) for silt loam and loam, respectively. The P leaching intensity of soils increased by 3‐ to 540‐fold if the soil Olsen‐P contents accumulated from 6.6 to 155.5 mg P kg^?1. The outcomes derived from this study regarding the determination of P leaching threshold and intensity by the soil column method also need a further verification on more soils with a wide range of physical and chemical properties.     

Pesticide Health Risk Mapping and Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters in Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment

The extensive use of pesticides for increasing the agricultural production is affecting the quality of groundwater. The objectives of this article are to (i) develop pesticide relative leaching ranks for well sites, (ii) develop maps for human health risks due to pesticide applications, and (iii) identify the most significant parameters in pesticide simulations for groundwater vulnerability assessment. The methods include (i) development of acifluorfen relative leaching ranks for 25 well sites using ArcPRZM‐3, (ii) development of health risk maps using model simulated maximum dissolved bentazon concentrations on the basis of USA drinking water quality guidelines, (iii) sensitivity analysis for 14 ArcPRZM‐3 input parameters using the Plackett–Burman method. ArcPRZM‐3 is a user‐friendly system for spatial modeling of pesticide leaching from surface to groundwater. Thirteen acifluorfen relative leaching potential ranks were developed in which the pesticide leaching decrease from 1 to 13. The model predicted ranks for well 34 and well 9 were 2nd and 3rd, respectively, and acifluorfen was detected in both wells during the physical monitoring. The percentages of high health risks in the agricultural areas were 48.38 and 72.72% for Randolph and Independence Counties, respectively. The most significant parameters were thickness of horizon compartment, runoff curve number of antecedent moisture condition II for cropping, soil bulk density, and total application of pesticide. The irrigation, soil permeability, and numerical dispersion could impact the pesticide leaching in soils toward groundwater. The ArcPRZM‐3 system could be efficiently applied for spatial modeling and mapping of pesticide concentrations for groundwater vulnerability assessment on a large scale.