北大巴山超基性、基性岩墙和碱质火山杂岩形成时代的新证据及其地质意义

北大巴山早古生代地层广泛出露一套超基性、基性岩墙和碱质火山杂岩(包括碱性玄武岩和粗面岩),为研究北大巴山早古生代构造演化提供了重要的载体。本文通过利用锆石U-Pb定年和金云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素定年方法对它们的形成时代进行了系统研究,结合地球化学特征探讨它们的成因及构造意义。通过对岚皋县和镇坪县的两个辉绿岩墙开展锆石U-Pb定年,分别获得它们的年龄为399±1Ma和451±4 Ma,是研究区目前已报道的有关超基性、基性岩墙最年轻和最老的就位时代。地球化学分析结果表明,它们的主量元素与区内其他基性岩墙位于同一演化趋势线上,微量和稀土元素地球化学特征相似,类似于OIB的特征,表明它们来自相同的地幔源区。因此,研究区内基性岩墙侵入事件最早开始于晚奥陶世中期(约450Ma),结束于早泥盆世晚期(约400 Ma),期间经历了多次岩浆侵入活动。对与碱性玄武岩共生的火山碎屑岩中金云母晶屑进行~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素定年,获得年龄446±3Ma,代表了火山喷发时间,表明碱性玄武质岩浆喷发活动与基性岩浆侵入事件大致同时发生。对粗面岩进行SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年虽未获得准确的岩浆结晶年龄,但较年轻锆石年龄(165±3Ma和229±2Ma)的存在,暗示其形成时代可能属于中生代。系统的年代学研究表明,北大巴山地区早古生代地层中的超基性、基性岩墙和碱性玄武质火山杂岩为同期岩浆活动的产物,最早开始于450Ma,经历了多期火山喷发和岩浆侵入活动(450~400 Ma),结束于早泥盆世晚期(~400Ma)。而粗面岩与上述岩石不是同一期岩浆活动产物,研究区不存在双峰式火成岩组合,它们可能形成于中生代,属于南秦岭中生代岩浆活动的产物,为南秦岭、北大巴山中生代成矿作用提供物源。     

The inventory and chemical characterization of dissolved proteins in oceanic waters

One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) were applied to separate protein molecules in dissolved organic matter (DOM) from oceanic waters. Results were: (1) The 2-DE distinguished a total of 412 protein spots in 10 samples from five water columns over the Pacific, although fewer than 30 proteins were resolved as bands from the identical samples by SDS-PAGE. (2) Major and ubiquitous protein bands (34 and 39 kDa proteins) on the SDS-PAGE gel were resolved into horizontally spread arrays (trains) of spots on the 2-DE gels, indicating that these bands were a mixture of protein species that have the same molecular weight (MW) but different isoelectric points (pIs). (3) Proteins that exhibited such electrophoretic patterns on the 2-DE gels were glycosylated with variable linkages between the sugar and polypeptide chains. (4) N-terminal amino-acid sequencing demonstrated that individual spots within each train of spots had identical N-terminal amino-acid sequences.The N-terminal amino-acid sequences of the 39 and 34 kDa glycoprotein spots in samples collected at different sites were also identical. Protein isoforms with the same amino-acid sequence but different glycosylation profiles, termed glycoforms, were often observed on the 2-DE gel. Thirty-one and 24 spots on the 2-DE gels were glycoforms of two glycoproteins with MWs of 39 and 34 kDa, respectively; they were one protein species. The glycoforms of the 39 kDa protein were identified as a low molecular weight alkaline phosphatase (L-AP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by a homology search through five amino-acid sequence databases. The present and earlier work indicates that all identified source organisms of dissolved proteins belong to the Pseudomonas group. We propose the hypothesis that proteins associated with membrane vesicles liberated from a minor member of the bacterioplankton assemblage, the marine Pseudomonas group, are one of the important sources of dissolved proteins in oceanic waters. This hypothesis may apply to the source pathway and survival not only of proteins and also to the universally occurring bacterial peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide components in DOM.     

The use of surface alkaline phosphatase activity in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica as a biomarker of eutrophication

Eutrophication is one of the most relevant man‐induced changes occurring in coastal waters. The identification and assessment of specific responses to eutrophication in seagrasses can provide a useful tool for the detection of changes in the water quality in coastal zones, given the wide range of distribution of these organisms. In this study, we combine a correlational (across‐sites comparison) and a manipulative (fertilization experiment) approach to evaluate the usefulness and potential of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) in the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica as an eutrophication biomarker. Our results showed that APA decreases promptly following nutrient additions, the response being maintained except during the winter period. APA also varies across natural meadows under different levels of nutrient discharges at scales relevant for monitoring purposes. AP activity seems to be an optimal ‘physiological biomarker’ that responds promptly and reliably to a pulse of eutrophication exposure. However, other considerations, such as the seasonality (the response disappears in winter), suggest its use with some caution and, as far as possible, as a complement of other bio‐indicators.     

On the dose dependency of the bleachable and non-bleachable components of IRSL from K-feldspar: Improved procedures for luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments

The infrared (IR) stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) signals from K-feldspar can, for convenience, be divided into two components, bleachable and ‘non-bleachable’, where the latter corresponds to the ‘residual’ signal observed in sunlight-bleached samples. In this paper, we examine the non-bleachable component of IRSL of K-feldspar for several sedimentary samples from across Eurasia. We observed a large variability in the residual doses among these samples after prolonged exposure to sunlight. By employing multiple elevated temperature (MET) IR stimulations at 50–300 °C, we show that the residual dose increases systematically with stimulation temperature, attaining values as high as ∼50 Gy at 300 °C, even after several hours to tens of hours of exposure to unfiltered sunlight. We examined two samples in detail and found that the bleachable and non-bleachable components produced different dose response curves. Pulse annealing studies showed that the non-bleachable component is more stable than the bleachable component, suggesting that a preheat procedure cannot eliminate the non-bleachable component. Additional experiments revealed that the non-bleachable component is dose dependent. Owing to this dose dependency, we demonstrate mathematically and empirically that the simple subtraction of a residual dose from the measured equivalent dose (D_e) – which is the most common approach employed (if any residual dose is subtracted at all) – will result in underestimation of the actual D_e. We present a method to correct for the dose dependency of the residual dose, which can improve the accuracy of either MET-pIRIR or pIRIR age estimates for samples in which the non-bleachable component represents a significant fraction of the measured signals.     

Garnet–clinopyroxene intermediate granulites in the St. Leonhard massif of the Bohemian Massif: ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism at high pressure or not?

Garnet–clinopyroxene intermediate granulites occur as thin layers within garnet–kyanite–K–feldspar felsic granulites of the St. Leonhard granulite body in the Bohemian Massif. They consist of several domains. One domain consists of coarser‐grained coexisting ternary feldspar, clinopyroxene, garnet, quartz and accessory rutile and zircon. The garnet has 16–20% grossular, and the clinopyroxene has 9% jadeite and contains orthopyroxene exsolution lamellae. Reintegrated ternary feldspar and the Zr‐in‐rutile thermometer give temperatures higher than 950 °C. Mineral equilibria modelling suggests crystallization at 14 kbar. The occurrence and preservation of this mineral assemblage is consistent with crystallization from hot dry melt. Between these domains is a finer‐grained deformed matrix made up of diopsidic clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, plagioclase and K‐feldspar, apparently produced by reworking of the coarser‐grained domains. Embedded in this matrix, and pre‐dating the reworking deformation, are garnet porphyroblasts that contain clinopyroxene, feldspar, quartz, rutile and zircon inclusions. In contrast with the garnet in the coarser‐grained domains, the garnet generally has >30% grossular, the included clinopyroxene has 7–27% jadeite and the Zr content of rutile indicates much lower temperatures. Some of these high‐grossular garnet show zoning in Fe/(Fe + Mg), decreasing from 0.7 in the core to 0.6 and then increasing to 0.7 at the rim. These garnet are enigmatic, but with reference to appropriate pseudosections are consistent with localized new mineral growth from 650 to 850 °C and 10 to 17 kbar, or with equilibration at 20 kbar and 770 °C, modified by two‐stage diffusional re‐equilibration of rims, at 10–15 and 8 kbar. The strong pervasive deformation has obscured relationships that might have aided the interpretation of the origin of these porphyroblasts. The evolution of these rocks is consistent with formation by igneous crystallization and subsequent metamorphism to high‐T and high‐P, rather than an origin by ultrahigh‐T metamorphism. Regarding the petrographic complexity, combination of the high grossular garnet with the ternary feldspar to infer ultrahigh‐T metamorphism at high pressure is not justified.     

方解石和钾长石在模拟蚯蚓肠液中的初始溶解动力学机理及意义

蚯蚓肠道内小分子有机酸与摄入的土壤矿物相互作用,加速矿物溶解。摄入的土壤在蚯蚓肠道内平均停留时间约为12 h,不足以使土壤矿物产生显著的溶解特征,因此这一过程难以在蚯蚓体内进行评估。本研究通过体外实验控制pH值和有机酸浓度,模拟蚯蚓肠道中有机酸对土壤中常见矿物的溶解反应,探讨了方解石和钾长石在蚯蚓肠道环境中的初始溶解动力学。研究发现,矿物在混合有机酸中的溶解速率比在纯水中高一个数量级,说明有机配体和质子促进了矿物溶解。溶解速率及粒度分析表明,方解石(CaCO₃)溶解速率不受溶解过程中粒度变化的影响,而钾长石(KAlSi₃O₈)粒度在溶解期间未出现显著变化。在此基础上,采用初始速率法模拟了钾长石的初始溶解动力学,计算得出的溶解速率表明钾长石在溶解初期主要为表面K~+的释放。使用缩核模型(shrink core model)和Hixson-Crowell模型对方解石溶解过程进行动力学解析,发现方解石的溶解主要受溶液中反应物内扩散的速率影响。这定量描述了两种矿物在有机酸溶液和纯水中的溶解差异。现有研究表明,有机配体和质子协同促...     

Discovery of the Late Carboniferous alkaline volcanic rocks in the Guyang area,eastern Yinshan Block,and its geological implicationsSCIEI北大核心CSCD

在华北克拉通北缘阴山地块东部固阳地区发现了假白榴石粗面玄武岩和钾质粗面岩两种高钾准铝质碱性火山岩。地质年代学数据显示,假白榴石粗面玄武岩的磷灰石U-Pb年龄为322±14Ma,钾质粗面岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为315.6±7.5Ma,说明其形成时代均为晚石炭世。岩石地球化学特征显示,二者均富Al、Fe,贫Mg;富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba和K),相对亏损高场强元素(如Ta、Nb和Ti),轻重稀土分异明显,富集轻稀土,相对亏损重稀土,Eu异常不明显;高(87Sr/86Sr)i比值(0.710028~0.714745),低εNd(t)值(-9.0~-17.2),表现出相似的交代岩石圈地幔源区和地壳混染特征。将该碱性火山岩与兴蒙造山带晚石炭世-早二叠世中基性火山岩和阴山地块白垩纪中基性火山岩进行岩石类型对比,发现华北克拉通北缘产出的火山岩多为高钾碱性系列,而兴蒙造山带中产出的火山岩则多为钙碱性系列;与兴蒙造山带晚石炭世-早二叠世中基性火山岩进行岩石成因对比,发现它们的岩浆源区和混染程度并不相同,即固阳地区碱性火山岩为受到早古生代俯冲沉积物交代的岩石圈地幔部分熔融所形成的岩浆在上升过程中混染华北克拉通TTG片麻岩后喷发的产物,而兴蒙造山带中火山岩的产出则多为亏损地幔部分熔融所形成的岩浆在上升过程中轻度混染地壳物质后喷发的结果。在固阳地区发现晚石炭世碱性火山岩,代表着古亚洲洋在该时期的后造山伸展作用范围已延伸至华北克拉通北缘。     

温度和盐度对华贵栉孔扇贝免疫相关酶的联合效应

为研究温度和盐度对华贵栉孔扇贝免疫相关酶活力的联合效应,采用中心复合设计(CCD)和响应曲面分析法(RSM)进行试验,在实验室条件下研究了温度(19~31℃),盐度(22~38)对华贵栉孔扇贝酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)三种免疫相关酶活性的联合效应,旨在考察温度与盐度对ACP,AKP和GR活性的影响及华贵栉孔扇贝免疫水平较高时的最佳温度和盐度组合,为华贵栉孔扇贝人工养殖所需条件提供理论基础。结果表明:温度的一次效应和二次效应对ACP,AKP和GR活力影响显著(P0.05);盐度的一次效应和二次效应对ACP,AKP和GR的活力影响显著(P0.05);温度和盐度的交互作用对ACP,AKP和GR活力的影响显著(P0.05)。采用响应曲面法,建立了温度和盐度对华贵栉孔扇贝ACP,AKP和GR活性影响的模型方程,该模型方程决定系数分别为0.986 6,0.981 3和0.957 6(P0.01),预测系数分别为0.934 5,0.888 0和0.738 4,表明该模型可以用于预测华贵栉孔扇贝ACP,AKP和GR活力变化。通过模型优化和验证实验,得到在温度24.30℃、盐度30.55时,ACP和AKP活力达到最小值,分别为170.43,181.74U/mg,而GR活力最大为0.34U/mg,满意度达0.95。     

云南鸡街碱性超基性岩铂族元素地球化学特征

本文首次报道了攀西裂谷南段云南省鸡街碱性超基性岩中铂族元素(PGE)的地球化学特征。采用改进的Carius管法测定了霞霓钠辉岩、霓霞岩和磷霞岩中的低含量PGE。PPGE与IPGE呈现强烈分馏,推断幔源岩在低程度部分熔融过程中Pt、Pd表现为相似的不相容性,而Ir、Ru表现为相容性,这种分馏效应随着结晶分异作用的进行而逐渐增强。3种岩石均出现Ru的负异常及Pt、Pd的解耦,说明母岩浆经历了早期的橄榄石晶出,在结晶分异过程中Pd较Pt更不相容。由于岩浆上升过程中的压力减小和结晶分异作用导致的成份变化使岩浆可以达到硫的局部饱和而熔离,表现为部分样品中Cu/Pd远高于原始地幔值。本文通过碱性超基性岩与金伯利岩、煌斑岩和邻区碱性、过碱性玄武岩PGE特征的对比,探讨了其岩浆源区及演化特征。     

南天山川乌鲁碱性杂岩体的岩石学和地球化学特征及其岩石成因

位于中国南天山西侧阔克萨彦岭一带的川乌鲁碱性杂岩体,与该区川乌鲁铜金多金属矿床有着直接的成因联系,该杂岩体由早期的辉长岩—闪长岩岩、主期的二长岩—正长岩和晚期的正长花岗斑岩脉组成,各期岩石在矿物组成和化学成分上有明显的变化。从早到晚,SiO2含量增加,变化范围是50.52%～70.64%;全碱含量先增后减,在SiO2含量小于61.69%时,随SiO2含量增加而增加,而当SiO2含量大于61.69%时,与SiO2含量负相关。在AR-SiO2图解上,大多样品落入碱性区间,在A/CNK-A/NK图解上表现出由准铝质向过碱性演化的趋势。微量元素表现为大离子亲石元素相对高场强元素富集,Rb、Ba、Th、Sr等元素的相对富集和Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素的负异常。稀土元素表现为轻稀土相对富集的特征,其(La/Yb)N为14.13～25.09,具有Eu的正异常或极微弱的Eu负异常。一些元素比值的线性关系暗示了该杂岩体为岩浆混合成因,基性岩浆的源区为富水的岩石圈地幔,而酸性岩浆是中下地壳中性火成岩在含饱和水条件下部分熔融的产物。这些性质指示川乌鲁杂岩体是在后碰撞拉张环境中由岩石圈地幔熔融的基性岩浆的底侵作用导致地壳的熔融以及后期的岩浆混合作用有关。