富金斑岩型铜矿床的基本特征、成矿物质来源与成矿高氧化岩浆-流体演化

第三纪富金斑岩型铜矿床主要发育于板块汇聚边缘与俯冲作用相关的火山-岩浆弧以及陆缘弧中,而大多数较古老的富金斑岩型铜矿床则主要发育于向大陆边缘增生的岛弧环境中.含矿斑岩的岩性变化范围从低钾钙碱性闪长岩、石英闪长岩和英云闪长岩到高钾钙碱性石英二长岩到碱性的二长岩及正长岩,通常侵位于地壳浅部l～2km处,与同期的火山岩密切共生,并常见热液爆破角砾岩.其围岩蚀变从早到晚依次可分为Ca-Na硅酸盐蚀变、K硅酸盐蚀变、中级泥质蚀变、绢云母化、高级泥质蚀变,而浅部的高级泥质蚀变可以与早期K硅酸盐蚀变同期形成.Cu、Au矿化主要发育在K硅酸盐蚀变带中,矿化与A型脉密切相关,贫钼而富铂族元素.控制富金斑岩型铜矿床形成的几个关键过程包括：（1）源区有大量的Cu、Au等成矿元素;（2）能使Cu、Au等成矿物质有效进入岩浆熔体的机制;（3）合成矿元素的岩浆熔体在从地幔上升到地壳高侵位而形成斑岩体的过程中没有Cu、Au等成矿物质损失;（4）在岩浆上升演化过程中,岩浆挥发份能有效的逸出,并且逸出的时间越早,对成矿越有利;（5）Cu、Au等成矿元素能有效进入岩浆挥发份;（6）在成矿斑岩体上部发育有利的相对封闭机制,阻止岩浆挥发份的逃逸;（7）含Cu、Au成矿流体的有效沉淀机制;（8）具有一个地壳上部的岩浆房,能够不断提供成矿物质和驱动热液循环的热能.要形成大型矿床一般需要多期岩浆脉动侵位与多期矿化热液蚀变事件的叠加.现多倾向认为交代的地幔楔可能是其主要物质来源.而有利于富金斑岩型铜矿床形成的岩浆有钾质钙碱性岩浆、埃达克质岩浆、碱性弧岩浆.俯冲板片脱水形成的流体或者熔融产生熔体提供了上覆地幔楔熔融的高氧逸度条件,这种高氧逸度特征是地幔源区Cu、Au成矿元素能否进入岩浆熔体的重要条件之一.最近研究表明流体的冷却可能是Cu、Au沉淀成矿最主要的因素.本文扼要介绍了富金斑岩型铜矿的矿床地质特征、矿床成因等方面的研究进展,分析了存在的主要问题并对其发展趋势作了展望.     

新疆萨惹什克锡矿与萨北碱性A型花岗岩成因关系的年代学制约

新疆东准噶尔地区的萨惹什克锡矿呈脉状产于萨北花岗岩体中。对于这种脉状矿床,成岩和成矿近时性的时间制约是证明矿床与围岩有成因关系的首要证据。萨北岩体由含碱性铁铁矿物的碱性花岗岩组成,全岩地球化学结果显示,碱性花岗岩具高碱、低 Ca,明显富集稀土元素、高场强元素(Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,Y)和大离子亲石元素(Rb,Th,U),而强烈亏损Sr,Ba,Eu,属于典型的碱性 A 型花岗岩。锡矿脉由占绝对优势的锡石和石英组成,受北东和近东西向的断裂破碎带控制。原有研究证实,形成该锡矿床的成矿流体属于具高温、低盐度和低密度的岩浆水。据此并结合锡矿体的围岩性质,前人认为锡矿床与碱性花岗岩有成因联系。但是,由于分析技术和样品选择上的制约,萨北岩体成岩和萨惹什克锡矿成矿的确切时代一直没有得到合理的解决。本文报道了我们最近获得的碱性花岗岩锆石 LA-ICP-MS U—Pb 和锡矿石辉钼矿 Re-Os 同位素年龄(分别为306±3Ma 和307±11Ma)。上述结果表明,萨北碱性花岗岩和萨惹什克锡矿石属于同期地质事件的产物,从而为两者具有密切成因联系提供了重要的年代学制约。此外,根据碱性花岗岩的ε_(Nd)(t)(≈ 5.0)低于研究区亏损地幔4.5个ε单位,我们认为形成萨北岩体的花岗岩浆不是直接来源于亏损地幔玄武质岩浆结晶分异作用的产物,而更可能是起源于本区年轻洋壳和陆源沉积物的部分熔融。     

Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and Utilization of Dissolved Organic Phosphorus by Algae in Subtropical Coastal Waters

Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and the availability of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) to marine algae were determined in Xiamen Bay and in algal batch culture systems. Results showed that APA changed with seasons, increasing to the highest value in summer and decreasing to the lowest in autumn and spring in Xiamen Bay. Tests on natural populations of planktonic algae and bacteria community showed that algae were mostly responsible for DOP utilization, while bacteria could not take up DOP compounds. Results from algal batch cultures also supported the above conclusion. Relationships between APA and environmental factors indicated that APA was negatively correlated with phosphorus level such as phosphate and small molecular DOP, and APA played an important role in utilization of DOP by algae. All the results emphasized the ecological significance of DOP in subtropical coastal waters.     

RESIDUAL POST-IR IRSL SIGNALS OF POTASSIUM FELDSPAR FROM MODERN SAG POND DEPOSITS OF CENTRAL ALTYN TAGH FAULT: IMPLICATION FOR DATING YOUNG PALEOSEISMIC EVENTS

The Altyn Tagh Fault(ATF)is one of the most prominent active strike-slip faults in the India-Eurasia collision. Fresh features of surface ruptures, which are attributed to seismic events taking place in the last millennium, are identified at several sites along the Che'erchen River to Qingshui River section on the central part of ATF. Accurate chronology of these earthquake events would help understand the spatial-temporal relationship of the recent earthquakes. However, great difficulties are encountered. The central ATF is located in the arid area, and the vegetation cover is so limited that rare organic materials appropriate for radiocarbon dating can be found in the sediments. Luminescence dating technique may serve as an alternative to directly determine the burial ages of the earthquake related sediments. The optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)signal of quartz, which has been widely employed for luminescence dating, displays unwanted charateristics for accurate dating. Firstly, the quartz OSL signal is not sensitive to irradiation, which leads to low signal-to-noise ratio or even no measurable quartz OSL signal. Secondly, the targeted samples of the last millennium are very young, and the radiation dose received during the burial is expected to be less than 3~4Gy, which futher deteriorates the signal-to-noise ratio of the quartz OSL signal. Therefore, quartz OSL signal is not appropriate for dating the sediments relevant to the recent earthquakes on ATF.
The infrared stimulated luminescence(IRSL)signal of potassium feldspar is an alternative, and it is in usual an order of maginitude more sensitive to raidation than the quartz OSL signal. The enhanced signal-to-noise ratio makes it applicable to young samples. The post-IR IRSL signal has been successfully applied to date the sediments beyond the Holocene, however, the relatively slow bleaching of the post-IR IRSL signal poses challenges on applying it to young sediments, especially for the sediments deposited during the last millennium. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using post-IR IRSL signal from potassium feldspar to date the earthquake events of the last millennium by employing modern sag pond deposits with different sorting and expected equivalent dose(D_e)of 0Gy. Choosing an appropriate measurement procedure and identifying the well bleached pottassium feldspar grains are essential for post-IR IRSL dating of young sediments. The non-fading characteristic of the post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ signal measured at 170℃ following a prior IR stimulation at 110℃ was verified by employing the D_e plateau test with respect to the signal integration interval and IR stimulation temperature together. Reducing the amount of potassium feldspar grains mounted on an aliquot would help reveal the among grains variation of bleaching level of post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ signal before depostion and identify the most sufficiently bleached grains. Therefore, the post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ D_e values of 2mm aliquots were measured for three samples with different sedimentary textures. The median of D_e distribution of well sorted and stratified sag pond deposits is consistent with the minimum D_e value inferred from the minimum age model(MAM-3) and finite mixture model(FMM), while for the poorly sorted deposits, the median is significantly overestimated compared with the minimum D_e values from the MAM-3 and the FMM. The minimum D_e values of 0.6~0.8Gy of all three samples are consistent with the unbleachable residual dose previously reported for post-IR IRSL signals measured at similar temperature for well bleached samples. It implies that by combined use of small aliquot and statistical age models, the well-bleached potassium feldspar grains could be identified. Such an intrinsic unbleachable component needs to be properly corrected when earthquake events of last millennium are to be dated in this area. Otherwise, the post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ age would be overestimated by 200~300a.
The post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ procedure investigated in this study is not only applicable for dating the paleoearthquake events along the Altyn Tagh Fault, but also with great potential to be applied to other tectonically active area. With consideration of the potential variability in post-IR IRSL signal characteristics of potassium feldspar grains from different origins, the signal stability needs to be routinely inspected. The modern analog sample would also be informative for justifying the measurement procedure and analytical method employed.     

内蒙古京格斯台晚石炭世碱性花岗岩年代学及地球化学特征——岩石成因及对构造演化的约束

京格斯台碱性花岗岩出露于内蒙古东乌旗西北部的中蒙边境一带,是准噶尔-南蒙古-内蒙古碱性花岗岩带的一部分,为一套含钠铁闪石碱性花岗岩类。锆石LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb测年获得了301.3±1.5Ma(n=21,MSWD=1.3)的年龄,表明侵位时代为晚石炭世。全岩地球化学分析显示样品具有高SiO2(75.16%~76.96%)、高碱(K2O=4.61%~5.04%,Na2O=3.98%~4.24%)、贫CaO(0.08%~0.25%)、MgO(0.07%~0.1%),低FeOt(1.05%~2.05%),高的FeOt/MgO比值(12.85~29.66),属于弱过铝质系列;富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素,弱亏损Nb、Ta,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等;稀土元素总量较低[ΣREE范围为(70.19~193.93)×10~(-6),平均值为126.82×10~(-6)],轻稀土略富集,具有明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.03~0.07),呈类似"海鸥"型稀土配分模式。岩石学及地球化学特征表明京格斯台碱性花岗岩属于碱质A型花岗岩。锆石原位Hf同位素和全岩Nd同位素分析显示其具有亏损的Hf-Nd同位素组成εHf(t)和εNd(t)均为正值,Hf地壳存留模式年龄范围为385~1605Ma,并且多数集中于600~900Ma,二阶段Nd模式年龄范围为582~650Ma,这表明源岩为幔源新生地壳物质,代表了新元古代一次地壳增生。综合岩石学、岩石地球化学和同位素地球化学数据,我们认为京格斯台碱性花岗岩是由新生地壳,在晚石炭世贺根山洋闭合后的后造山伸展阶段,在上涌软流圈的加热及减压作用下部分熔融形成的,形成于后造山构造环境。     

西秦岭月照 琵琶寺地区火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

月照琵琶寺地区的变质火山岩出露于甘肃武都县境内,夹在泥盆系和前震旦碧口群地层之间。按地球化学分类,火山岩可划分为双峰式和碱性两个系列。双峰式火山岩系由低K富Na拉斑玄武岩和酸性英安岩、流纹岩组成。该玄武岩具有类似MORB的微量元素特征,平坦的稀土配分模式,但富Th贫Nb显示其受到陆壳混染的影响。该套火山岩总体特征指示其为大陆裂谷向成熟洋盆转化阶段的产物,从而推测本区火山岩可能为勉略古洋盆西延的分支产物。     

Petrogenesis of Permian alkaline lamprophyres and diabases from the Spanish Central System and their geodynamic context within western Europe

Basic to ultrabasic alkaline lamprophyres and diabases intruded within the Spanish Central System (SCS) during Upper Permian. Their high LREE, LILE and HFSE contents, together with positive Nb–Ta anomalies, link their origin with the infiltration of sublithospheric K-rich fluids. These alkaline dykes may be classified in two distinct groups according to the Sr–Nd isotope ratios: (1) a depleted PREMA-like asthenospheric component, and (2) a BSE-like lithospheric component. A slight enrichment in radiogenic ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb allows the contribution of a recycled crustal or lithospheric component in the mantle sources. The intrusion of this alkaline magmatism is likely to have occurred due to adiabatic decompression and mantle upwelling in the context of the widespread rifting developed from Carboniferous to Permian in western Europe. The clear differences in the geochemical affinity of Lower Permian basic magmas from north-western and south-western Europe might be interpreted in terms of a more extensive separation of both regions during that period, until they were assembled during Upper Permian. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

"Water Consumption" in the Diagenetic Stage and Its Petroleum Geological Significance

Inspired from the anomaly of low pressure in the middle and deep reservoir of the Paleogene in the Jiyang depression, this paper theoritically discusses"waterconsumption"of the principal mineral alteration during the diagenetic stage. The preliminary research result shows that "water consumption" of mineral alteration in the diagenetic stage can make formation water greatly decrease. Relevant formations will be in the stage of low pressure without supply of exterior liquid. Pressure differences between the relevant formations and wall rocks make hydrocarbons enter easily to form the effective reservoir.     

乌拉山金矿钾长石的标型性及其与金矿化关系

在对乌拉山石英－钾长石脉型这一国内外尚不多见的新类型金矿床的野外观察和室内镜下研究的基础上，通过选择性地对其主要矿物钾长石进行电子探针分析，Ｘ射线粉晶衍射分析，红２外吸收光谱测定及可见光吸收光谱分析，系统详尽地了钾长石的产状，形态，化学成分，结构态及可见光吸收光谱特征，提取了作为找寻石英－钾长石脉型金矿床的重要矿物学标志，并进一步探讨了钾长石与金矿化的关系。     

大同第四纪火山群的活动特点

一、引言大同第四纪火山群位于山西省大同县和阳高县境内(图1),包括近5年来在大峪口,秋林地区首次发现的6个小火山。该火山群大、小火山共计31个。大同火山群南以六棱山北麓断裂为界,分布于大同盆地东部的第四纪沉积区范围。火山群南侧的六棱山和北部的小北山是由前寒武花岗片麻岩组成的山地。