Diagenesis in the Middle Jurassic Khatatba Formation sandstones in the Shoushan Basin,northern Western Desert,Egypt

The Middle Jurassic Khatatba Formation acts as a hydrocarbon reservoir in the subsurface in the Western Desert, Egypt. This study, which is based on core samples from two exploration boreholes, describes the lithological and diagenetic characteristics of the Khatatba Formation sandstones. The sandstones are fine‐ to coarse‐grained, moderately to well‐sorted quartz arenites, deposited in fluvial channels and in a shallow‐marine setting. Diagenetic components include mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation (calcite, clay minerals, quartz overgrowths, and a minor amount of pyrite), and dissolution of calcite cements and feldspar grains. The widespread occurrence of an early calcite cement suggests that the Khatatba sandstones lost a significant amount of primary porosity at an early stage of its diagenetic history. In addition to calcite, several different cements including kaolinite and syntaxial quartz overgrowth occur as pore‐filling and pore‐lining cements. Kaolinite (largely vermicular) fills pore spaces and causes reduction in the permeability of the reservoir. Based on framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied by or followed the development of part of the pore‐lining and pore‐filling cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar. Late kaolinite clay cement occurs due to dissolved feldspar and has an impact on the reservoir quality of the Khatatba sandstones. Open hydraulic fractures also generated significant secondary porosity in sandstone reservoirs, where both fractures and dissolution took place in multiple phases during late diagenetic stages. The diagenesis and sedimentary facies help control the reservoir quality of the Khatatba sandstones. Fluvial channel sandstones have the highest porosities and permeabilities, in part because of calcite cementation, which inhibited authigenic clays or was later dissolved, creating intergranular secondary porosity. Fluvial crevasse‐splay and marine sandstones have the lowest reservoir quality because of an abundance of depositional kaolinite matrix and pervasive, shallow‐burial calcite and quartz overgrowth cements, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

初论兰坪盆地构造流体与成矿作用的时空格架及可能的成矿模式

滇西兰坪盆地中新生代形成了丰富的金属与盐类矿床，是我国著名的热液矿床成矿带。成矿系统时─空结构的统一性是进行成矿规律研究和成矿预测的前提和指导思想，综合分析兰坪盆地的成矿时代、矿床的空间分布及区域地质背景，初步认为：晚白垩世至早第三纪，盆地西缘出现以铜为主的成矿作用；兰坪盆地主要成矿作用发生在早、晚第三纪期间，因盆地东、西部边界向两边地块的俯冲碰撞及中轴断裂带的强烈活动，导致盆地中央地带出现大规模成矿流体活动，成矿流体因物理化学性质的改变而发生分异、运移，及盆地受挤压隆升，变成山间盆地，出现不同类型、不同大小的流体圈闭，因而形成不同种类，不同规模的矿床；同时，含有挥发性组分汞、锑、砷的流体从深部沿中轴断裂带上升向两侧的次级构造裂隙带扩散，导致盆地东部复式背斜带中出现锑、汞、砷的成矿作用；其后，矿床受到改造和氧化作用。盆地内发育深大断裂；兰坪盆地的成矿作用是在构造流体演化的制约下完成的，同时成矿作用的发生改变了流体的性质和构造环境，促使流体的再次循环，出现成矿作用的多期性、分带性。     

柴达木盆地西部昆北断阶带基底花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

柴达木盆地西部基底分布有大量的有花岗岩类岩石。通过对柴达木盆地西部昆北断阶带钻遇的基底花岗岩样品开展详细的岩石学、锆石激光探针等离子体质谱U-Pb同位素年代学及岩石地球化学研究表明,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为467~450Ma,显示基底花岗岩的结晶年龄为中-晚奥陶世,属于加里东期岩浆侵入旋回。详细的岩石地球化学分析表明,昆北断阶带基底花岗岩属过铝高钾钙碱性系列,其稀土元素配分模式为具有Eu负异常的轻稀土元素富集型,昆北断阶带中南部基底花岗岩属上地壳物质熔融,同碰撞环境下形成的花岗岩。综合区域上的研究成果,昆北断阶带及其以西地区存在中奥陶世-早志留世的加里东期构造-岩浆事件,这对探讨柴达木盆地西部基底花岗岩成因类型及岩浆演化具有重要的意义。     

准噶尔西北缘玛北地区扇三角洲砂砾岩岩相分类及储集意义

准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系处于大型逆冲推覆断裂带,盆地边缘同生断裂构造活动强烈,发育砂砾岩为主的扇三角洲沉积体系。通过对玛北地区三叠系百口泉组砂砾岩储层取芯段岩芯观察和描述、岩石薄片、扫描电镜、测井以及储层物性数据的分析,结合砂砾岩岩石构成、层理类型、沉积层序和测井曲线响应特征,对准噶尔盆地西北缘砂砾岩体岩性进行精细刻画,建立岩相模式,划分出同沉积相(微相)相符的11种岩相:其中扇三角洲前缘水下河道砂砾岩相、扇三角洲平原辫状河道砂砾岩相叠置连片展布,是最有利的储集体;扇三角洲前缘水下主河道砾岩相、水下河道末端砂岩相及河口坝—远砂坝砂岩相分布局限,储集性良好,为有利"甜点"区;水上泥石流砾岩相和水下泥石流砂砾岩相与扇三角洲平原和前缘分流河道间储集性较差的细粒砂泥岩相组成百口泉组油藏致密的顶底板;前扇三角洲粉砂岩相和泥岩相可作为良好的区域性盖层。不同的岩相类型及沉积条件提供了准噶尔西北缘百口泉组大规模低渗透岩性油气藏优良的储盖组合及顶底板条件。     

云南中甸五村-移山晚三叠世沉积及盆地特征

五村-移山地区晚三叠世地层发育齐全，并在中咱地块边缘至甘孜-理塘结合带之间构成一个较为完整的沉积盆地。中甸、格咱和弥里淌三条平行控制性断裂将盆地由西向东依次横向分割成中咱微大陆五村台地边缘三角洲、哈工弧后断陷盆地、属都火山复理石盆地和尼汝弧前斜坡(盆地)。在上述4种构造-相区中沉积了各具特色的沉积物，具有不同基本层序结构、不同生物组合及沉积相特征。显示盆地经历下降-抬升-下降-抬升两个周期性演化过程。     

山东郭城牧牛山二长花岗岩的岩石成因:地球化学和锆石U—Pb年代学制约

山东胶莱盆地东北缘郭城牧牛山二长花岗岩的锆石LA--ICP--MS U--Pb年代学及岩石地球化学特征表明,牧牛山花岗岩为古元古代(2 138±15 Ma)岩浆侵入产物,是一套钾玄岩系列岩石,A/CNK为1.07~1.13。稀土配分曲线表现为右倾模式,轻稀土和重稀土分异明显,Eu/Eu*值为0.59~0.71。蛛网图表明明显富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K),相对亏损高场强元素(Th、U、Nb、Ta、Ti、P)。岩石10 000 Ga/Al值(2.73~2.85),为A型花岗岩。岩石的Mg~#值为12~28,Nd/Th值为1.62~1.96,Rb/Sr值为4.70~9.71,显示壳源特征。综合分析认为,古元古代胶辽地块向西俯冲引发幔源岩浆底侵,导致地壳物质部分熔融形成牧牛山花岗岩。     

煤层气成藏的宏观动力能条件及其地质演化过程--以山西沁水盆地为例

煤层气成藏维系于其能量平衡系统,宏观上受控于“四场互动”过程,核心是能量的有效传递及其地质选择过程。以沁水盆地为例,对构造动力能、热动力能、地下水动力能等宏观动力能的地质演化过程进行了深入探讨,阐明了不同宏观动力能对煤层气成藏的控制作用。结果表明:研究区构造动力能及其演化总体经历了4个阶段;热动力能及其演化和由其控制的煤化作用同样经历了4个阶段;地下水动力能及其演化包括3个阶段。其中,燕山中期的剧烈岩浆活动是宏观动力能条件演化的关键时期。以构造动力能为主线,将其他能量场贯穿起来,可知宏观动力能与煤层气成藏之间的耦合关系如下:盆地北部阳泉—寿阳区域,是煤层气成藏有利区域之一,但不利于煤层气高产;盆地南部晋城—阳城及沁水北部区域,不仅是煤层气成藏有利区域,而且利于煤层气高产;盆地中部沁源地区是煤层气成藏和高产的有利区域;盆地东部的屯留—襄垣区域是煤层气成藏有利区域之一,但不利于煤层气高产。     

松辽盆地北部中浅层含油饱和度和孔隙度的关系与油气侵位对成岩作用的抑制

为了研究油气侵位对松辽盆地中浅层成岩作用和孔隙度衰减的抑制作用,本文系统的统计和分析了该盆地大量的孔隙度和含油饱和度岩芯分析数据。结果表明,所有探井储层的孔隙度与含油饱和度之间均呈正相关关系,储层含油饱和度越高,孔隙度越大,而且中部含油组合中萨尔图油层、葡萄花油层和高台子油层二者的相关性好于下部含油组合中扶余油层和杨大城子油层的相关性。由此可见,油气注入储层之后,可以有效地抑制储层的成岩作用,保护孔隙,而且油气注入越早,越有利于孔隙的保护。     

Distribution Characteristics and Accumulation Model for the Coal‐formed Gas Generated from Permo‐Carboniferous Coal Measures in Bohai Bay Basin,China: A Review

Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin, offshore eastern China. However, the proven gas reserves from this source rock remain low to date, and the distribution characteristics and accumulation model for the coal-formed gas are not clear. Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin. The accumulations are scattered, and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields, of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×108 m3 with an average of 44.30×108 m3 and a mid-point of 8.16×108 m3. The commercially valuable gas fields are mainly found in the central and southern parts of the basin. Vertically, the coal-formed gas is accumulated at multiple stratigraphic levels from Paleogene to Archaeozoic, among which the Paleogene and PermoCarboniferous are the main reservoir strata. According to the transporting pathway, filling mechanism and the relationship between source rocks and reservoir, the coal-formed gas accumulation model can be defined into three types: "Upward migrated, fault transported gas" accumulation model, "Laterally migrated, sandbody transported gas" accumulation model, and "Downward migrated, sub-source, fracture transported gas" accumulation model. Source rock distribution, thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation capacity are the fundamental controlling factors for the macro distribution and enrichment of the coal-formed gas. The fault activity and the configuration of fault and caprock control the vertical enrichment pattern.     

Balancing trade‐off issues in land use change and the impact on streamflow and salinity management

The south‐west region of the Goulburn–Broken catchment in the south‐eastern Murray–Darling Basin in Australia faces a range of natural resource challenges. A balanced strategy is required to achieve the contrasting objectives of remediation of land salinization and reducing salt export, while maintaining water supply security to satisfy human consumption and support ecosystems. This study linked the Catchment Analysis Tool (CAT), comprising a suite of farming system models, to the catchment‐scale CATNode hydrological model to investigate the effects of land use change and climate variation on catchment streamflow and salt export. The modelling explored and contrasted the impacts of a series of different revegetation and climate scenarios. The results indicated that targeted revegetation to only satisfy biodiversity outcomes within a catchment is unlikely to have much greater impact on streamflow and salt load in comparison with simple random plantings. Additionally, the results also indicated that revegetation to achieve salt export reduction can effectively reduce salt export while having a disproportionately smaller affect on streamflows. Furthermore, streamflow declines can be minimized by targeting revegetation activities without significantly altering salt export. The study also found that climate change scenarios will have an equal if not more significant impact on these issues over the next 70 years. Uncertainty in CATNode streamflow predictions was investigated because of the effect of parameter uncertainty. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.