Turbulence Structures Over The Marginal Ice Zone Under Flow Parallel To The Ice Edge: Measurements And Parameterizations

Three aircraft-based studies of boundary-layer fronts (BLFs) werecarried out during the experiment KABEG in April 1997 near thesea-ice edge over the Davis Strait. The boundary-layer flow wasparallel to the ice edge and hence two independent turbulent regimescould develop in an identical synoptic framework, separated by thefrontal zone along the ice edge. The zone of strongest crosswindhorizontal gradients was typically 20 km wide, while the downstreamscale of the BLF was observed to be several hundreds of kilometres.For two of the three cases the investigation of turbulence structureswas possible and the results are given herein.Horizontal and vertical profiles of turbulent fluxes and other turbulentquantities are presented. A spectral analysis reveals the coexistence ofsmall-scale turbulence with roll motions. These roll motions can behidden or can be visible as cloud streets. The associated transportmechanisms are highly relevant for the choice of suitable averagingintervals for turbulent flux calculations and model validation.Parameterizations for the vertical velocity variance, countergradienttransport, sea surface roughness and eddy diffusivity are evaluatedand compared for this baroclinic strong-wind convective boundary-layerenvironment. Analogously, drag coefficients and bulk transfer coefficientsare derived from measurements.     

华北积层混合云中冰晶形状、分布与增长过程的飞机探测研究

利用中国国家科技支撑计划重点项目环北京地区3架飞机联合云探测试验数据,分析了2009年4月18日和5月1日两次积层混合云中冰晶形状、分布与增长过程。结果表明：飞机在0—-16℃范围的云层内观测到的冰晶形状主要包括板状、针柱状、柱帽状、辐枝状和不规则状。云中低层的冰晶形状受云顶温度影响,云顶温度不同,冰晶形状不同,当云顶温度高于-8℃时,云中低层的冰晶以板状和针柱状为主;当云顶温度低于-13℃时,在云中低层可观测到辐枝状冰晶;当云顶温度低于-18℃时,在云中低层可观测到柱帽状冰晶。同时冰晶形态还受其所处云中位置的影响,在积层混合云中的嵌入对流区含有更多的凇附状冰晶;在融化层以上,冰晶的增长过程主要包括凝华、凇附和聚合过程,在垂直方向上,随着高度降低云中过冷水增多,冰晶的凇附增长也相应增强。积层混合云中的对流区和层云区粒子谱下落拓宽速率有明显差别,在4.8—4.2 km（-11.6—-8℃）高度层,对流区粒子谱拓宽速率为3 mm/km,而层云区为3.67 mm/km,层云中粒子拓宽增长的速率略高于对流区;而在4.2—3.6 km（-8—-5℃）高度层,对流区的粒子谱拓宽速率为6.67 mm/km,层云区为2.33 mm/km,对流区的粒子拓宽增长速率是层云区的近3倍,主要原因是对流区低层的过冷水含量较高。     

一次飞机冷云增雨作业效果检验

最近60多年,全球范围内广泛开展了人工增雨作业,但人工增雨效果检验一直是个难题。传统上,利用雨量计和目标/对比区统计数据评估人工增雨效果,结果大多不确定。对一次人工增雨作业而言,从科学上给出令人信服的效果检验更是没有好的解决方案。2017年3月19日,陕西省实施业务飞机冷云增雨作业播撒含有750 g碘化银（AgI）的催化剂,播撒线长125 km。作业后卫星、雷达观测到一条与播云线对应的清晰的云迹线,地面雨滴谱仪观测到相应的雨强、雨滴数浓度、雨滴直径增大,表明播云使云体产生了增雨响应。针对这次增雨过程,从连片雷达回波中分离增雨作用造成的回波增强带（增雨影响回波）和确定了自然降水回波强度,建立增雨影响回波强度（Z）与地面雨强（I）的拟合关系（Z-I关系）,定量研究人工增雨的时、空演变。结果表明:（1）增雨影响时间约4 h,增雨影响回波区域（增雨影响区）面积为5448 km2。该区累计降雨总量和增雨总量分别为1.518×106 m3和8.04×105 m3,增雨影响区内增雨率达53%。（2）总降雨量、增雨量、自然降雨量随时间先增后减,总降雨量与增雨量的峰值同步,两者峰值都早于自然降雨峰值;催化后146 min （04时47分,世界时,下同）,每6 min增雨量达到最大,为4.9×104 m3;催化后174 min （05时15分）,增雨雷达回波面积达到最大（1711 km2）,面积峰值滞后增雨量峰值出现。（3）增雨影响区位于播撒线下游,呈条带状;区域内总降雨量空间分布为中间大边缘小,与增雨量空间分布一致。（4）此次增雨作业改变了降雨时、空分布,促进降雨形成,增加了地面降雨量。      

Aircraft-Based Measurements Of Turbulence Structures In The Katabatic Flow Over Greenland

Turbulence structures in the katabatic flow in the stable boundary layer (SBL) over the ice sheet are studied for two case studies with high wind speeds during the aircraft-based experiment KABEG (Katabatic wind and boundary layer front experiment around Greenland) in the area of southern Greenland. The aircraft data allow the direct determination of turbulence structures in the katabatic flow. For the first time, this allows the study of the turbulence structure in the katabatic wind system over the whole boundary layer and over a horizontal scale of 80 km.The katabatic flow is associated with a low-level jet (LLJ), with maximum wind speeds up to 25 m s^-1. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and the magnitude of the turbulent fluxes show a strong decrease below the LLJ. Sensible heat fluxes at the lowest level have values down to -25 W m^-2. Latent heat fluxes are small in general, but evaporation values of up to +13 W m^-2 are also measured. Turbulence spectra show a well-defined inertial subrange and a clear spectral gap around 250-m wavelength. While turbulence intensity decreases monotonously with height above the LLJ for the upper part of the slope, high spectral intensities are also present at upper levels close to the ice edge. Normalized fluxes and variances generally follow power-law profiles in the SBL.Terms of the TKE budget are computed from the aircraft data. The TKE destruction by the negative buoyancy is found to be very small, and the dissipation rate exceeds the dynamical production.     

The 3D-Var Data Assimilation Experiments on a Dense Fog Event over the Central Plain of China

Nonhydrostatic mesoscale WRF and its 3D-Var system are used to study a dense fog event occurring in 13-14 January 2006. Three different observation data sets including GTS （Global Telecommunication System）, AMDAR （Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay） data, and 9210 data are assimilated into the initial analysis fields in experiments. Experiments with three different assimilation time intervals （1, 3, and 6 h） are also carried out. Three experiments with different data sets have all modified the temperature and humidity field of initial fields, and therefore show an obvious positive effect on fog simulation. Further study indicates that the humidity and stability of boundary layer are improved obviously in assimilation experiments, although different data sets make different contribution to the analysis fields. The multi-time assimilation cycle experiments show that the analysis increment in experiment with l-h interval is more realistic than that with 3- and 6-h intervals.     

华北太行山东麓一次稳定性积层混合云飞机观测研究:对流云/对流泡和融化层结构特征

对云中微物理过程的研究是研究云降水形成过程和人工影响降水的重要基础,目前对积层混合云的对流区/对流泡中的微物理结构了解甚少。本文利用河北省“十三五”气象重点工程——云水资源开发利用工程的示范项目（2017～2019年）“太行山东麓人工增雨防雹作业技术试验”飞机和地面雷达观测数据,重点分析研究了2017年5月22日一次典型稳定性积层混合云对流泡和融化层的结构特征。研究结果表明,此次积层混合云高层存在高浓度大冰粒子,冰粒子下落过程中的增长在不同区域存在明显差异,在含有高过冷水含量的对流泡中,冰粒子增长主要是聚并和凇附增长,而在过冷水含量较低的云区以聚并增长为主。由于聚并增长形成的大冰粒子密度低,下落速度小,穿过0℃层时间更长,出现大量半融化的冰粒子,使融化现象更为明显。镶嵌在层状云中的对流泡一般处于0℃～-10℃（高度4～6 km）层之间,垂直和水平尺度约2 km,最大上升气流速度可达5 m s-1。对流泡内平均液态水含量是周围云区的2倍左右,小云粒子平均浓度比周围云区高一个量级,大粒子（直径800 μm以上）的浓度也更高。在具有较高过冷水含量的对流泡中降水形成符合“播撒—供给”机制,但在过冷水含量较低的区域并不符合这一机制。     

海洋层积云中的云滴谱宽度及其影响因子

云滴谱宽度对模式中云的光学厚度的参数化、气溶胶间接效应的评估以及降水形成过程的研究至关重要。本文利用美国POST（Physics of Stratocumulus Top）项目2008年7月19日的飞机观测资料，分析了微物理量和云滴谱的垂直分布及微物理过程。结果表明，该云系云滴谱宽度在云底附近较大，这是由低层核化过程导致的；中层凝结增长过程使得云滴谱宽度随高度增加逐渐减小；云顶附近夹卷混合过程导致云滴谱宽度增大。绝热云中垂直速度的增大会促进云凝结核的活化使云滴数浓度增大，促进凝结增长使云滴尺度增大、云滴谱宽度减小，云滴谱宽度与云滴数浓度、云滴尺度呈现负相关关系；云洞中受夹卷混合过程影响，垂直速度减小，云滴蒸发，云滴数浓度和云滴尺度减小、云滴谱宽度增大，且该效应随绝热程度减小而增强。建议云滴谱宽度的参数化将垂直速度、云滴数浓度、云滴尺度和绝热程度等考虑在内。     

二维粒子形状分类技术在云微物理特征分析中的应用

本文介绍了一种针对飞机粒子探测系统中云二维图像探头开发的二维粒子形状分类技术。该技术利用粒子形状几何参数特征把云粒子分为8种类型,分别为微小状、线形状、聚合状、霰状、球状、六角形状、不规则状和枝状。同时结合冰水质量关系,给出了探头液水含量和冰水含量的计算方法。最后应用该技术对2006年4月6日一次飞机探测获取的数据进行了云微物理结构分析,聚合状、霰状、六角形状、不规则状的总出现频率为78%,其中霰状粒子的出现频率随着温度的降低而增加。非降水云中的液水含量、液滴粒子浓度、冰晶浓度明显小于降水云,非降水云中液水含量的平均值为0.01 g m-3,冰水含量的平均值0.007 g m-3,冰晶粒子浓度的平均值为11.9 L-1。