Evaluating cut slope failure by numerical analysis—a case study

Slope failure is very common phenomenon in hilly regions, especially in young techno active mountainous like Himalayas. It is hazardous because of the accompanying progressive movement of the slope-forming material. In order to minimize the landslide effects, slope failure analysis and stabilization requires in depth understanding of the process that governs the behavior of the slope. The present article mainly deals with the analysis of the stability of road cut slopes of Rudraprayag Area, Uttarakhand, India. The area experiences local as well as regional slides every year. Extensive field study was carried out along the road cut slopes. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the various Physio-mechanical properties of rock mass. These properties have been used as input parameters for the numerical simulation of slope using FLAC3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) including geological discontinuities. The computed deformations and the stress distribution along the failure surface are compared with the field observations. The study indicates that the overall slope is unstable except at the location E where slope is critically stable. The effects of instability have been thoroughly considered and remedial measures have been recommended.     

Identification of the origin of salinization in groundwater using multivariate statistical analysis and geochemical modeling: a case study of Kaohsiung,Southwest Taiwan

The study of brine aquifers in southern Taiwan is highly complicated by hybrid geochemical reactions, which obscure important geochemical information. Using multivariate analysis on major and minor ion compositions normalized by Cl⁻ content, chemical constituents were combined into two principal components representing brine mixing and mineral precipitation. Comparing to multivariate analysis on the original data, this procedure reveals more geochemical information. It demonstrates that the brine groundwater of the region is primarily composed of highly evaporated seawater. The evaporation ratio is >70%; a point at which calcite, dolomite and gypsum precipitate. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions confirm this inference; and further, geochemical modeling quantitatively determined the evaporation ratio to be about 85%. Natural boron contamination is a consequence of brine groundwater. Two evolutionary trends in the plotting of the Cl/B ratio versus Cl⁻ can be identified: (1) Cl/B ratio decreases with boron being released from clay minerals when brine aquifers are flushed with freshwater; and (2) Cl/B ratio increases when seawater of a high Cl/B ratio infiltrates coastal aquifers.     

河口鱼类早期资源生态学研究进展*

河口是咸淡水交汇的水域,有大量的营养物质,是初级生产力和浮游生物最丰富的水域,为鱼类及其幼鱼的生长提供了丰富的饵料基础。本文综述了国内外有关河口鱼类早期资源(鱼类浮游生物)生态学研究的若干最新研究进展,内容包括：河口鱼类浮游生物的生态类型、种类组成和时空分布,温度、盐度、混浊度、食物、其他动物捕食等环境要素,厄尔尼诺和拉妮娜现象等气候现象,和大型工程建设、过度捕捞和污染等人为因素对河口鱼类浮游生物群落结构影响的研究。     

湖南“3+5”城市群城市综合承载力区域差异研究

基于城市综合承载力的概念,从水土资源、生态环境、社会经济、基础设施与公共服务等4个方面选择23个指标构建城市综合承载力评价指标体系。并尝试运用因子分析模型对湖南"3+5"城市群城市综合承载力区域差异进行客观评价。结果表明:影响和制约湖南"3+5"城市群城市综合承载力的核心因子为水土资源与公共服务、社会消费、污染治理及人口密度;湖南"3+5"城市群城市综合承载力区域差异明显,可分为3个等级。针对上述分析结果,提出提高湖南"3+5"城市群城市综合承载力的政策建议。     

断层气定点观测主要影响因素的研究

本文对干旱地区５个断层气观测点２－３年的观测资料与同时段气象因素，用数学方法进行对比、分析。初步结构表明，气温是断层气的观测主要影响因素。本文还对气温影响地下气体逸出的机理进行了讨论。     

DETERMINATION OF A MULTIVARIATE DETECTION LIMIT AND LOCAL CHEMICAL RANK BY DESIGNING A NON-PARAMETRIC TEST FROM THE ZERO-COMPONENT REGIONS

In this paper we redefine the term detection limit to embrace the inherent multivariate nature of samples,instrumental measurements and chemometrics resolution procedures. The so-called zero-componentregions, i.e. parts with no chemical components eluting, are used as repeated analytical blanks to estimatea statistical multivariate detection limit for determining the number of chemical species in local regionsof a single two-way chromatogram or a collection of synchronized one-way chromatograms. For two-waychromatography the detection limit is determined from the distribution of the first eigenvalues obtainedfrom all possible combinations of spectra in the zero-component regions. The number of spectra in eachcalculation should correspond to the number included in the later examination of the local retention timeregions. For one-way chromatography on a collection of samples with similar chemical components atvarying concentrations the same procedure is used, with the samples taking the role of the spectra intwo-way chromatography. The detection limit can be chosen at various confidence levels depending onwhether false positive or negative detection of minor components is most critical. The results obtainedfrom the zero-eigenvalue distribution are more robust than those obtained by a previously developedF-test.     

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE RANK OF A (CO)VARIANCE MATRIX: A NON-PARAMETRIC GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST

Each eigenvector of the dispersion matrix[X]~T[X]was shown to be a partial predictor of the originaldata matrix [X],the sum of the predictions from the individual principal components being equal to theexpectance of [X].By comparing the distributions of the members of two neighbouring predictedmatrices,[X]_(1...i)and [X](1...i+1)(i.e.the sums of the first i and i+1 individual predictions respectively),it was shown that they should be indistinguishable provided that i is equal to or greater than the effectiverank of [X],and significantly different otherwise.This was confirmed by analysing the visible absorptionspectra of methyl orange and methyl red solutions as well as the Raman spectra of Na_2SO_4 and MgSO_4solutions.On the grounds of these findings,a non-parametric goodness-of-fit test for assessing theeffective rank of[X]was proposed which proved to be comparatively conservative and more robust thanmost currently used tests.     

华东地区台风降水及影响降水因素的气候分析

分析了华东地区各类台风路径降水的气候概况和影响降水的因素，冷空气入侵、地形作用、水汽条件及影响时间的长短等都能影响台风的降水量。最后给出了两个可用于诊断预报台风降水的物理量，计算结果表明，热成散度预报正确与基本正确率为32/34。     

Seasonal trend of particulate PAHs at Gosan, a background site in Korea between 2001 and 2002 and major factors affecting their levels

The concentrations of particulate Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured at Gosan, a background site in Korea for 1 year between November 2001 and November 2002. The total concentrations of 14 PAH compounds at Gosan were between 0.52 and 14.76 ng m^− 3 and about 3–15 times higher than those at other rural or remote sites in the world. Seasonal trend was observed for particulate PAHs concentrations at Gosan with higher levels during heating season due to increased fossil fuel usage and the movement of air parcels from Asian continent. Principal component factor analysis (PCF) for PAHs showed three factors; combination of coal combustion and vehicular emission, natural gas combustion, and unidentified one. However, PCF for the combined data of PAHs, inorganic ions, and elements revealed that the unidentified factor consists of crustal species, sea salts, and four PAH compounds. Thus, this factor is thought to be transport of crustal species with organics from combustion sources. The major variables which determine the sources of PAHs are the heating season and the movement of air parcels from Asian continent.