南极地区气温变化的一些特征

本文利用南极地区考察站的气温资料,对该地区气温的季节变化和年变化进行统计分析。结果表明,南极地区气温的季节变化有明显的区域性和两季特点,东南极大陆是冷中心,在南极地区气温变化中起重要作用,极点气温的年际变率不大,南极地区气温场中存在ENSO事件的信号。     

RAPID ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF COELUTING COMPONENTS IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY BY FACTOR ANALYSIS

Evaluation of the results of factor analysis of sets of spectroscopically detected chromatograms is carriedout by examining the shapes of the abstract factors.This is done either by visual inspection or by analysisof the power density spectra produced from them.Owing to constraints imposed by the column functionand the spectroscopic instrument function,the information content of the chromatograms necessarilyoccurs at low spatial frequencies.As a consequence,it appears as relatively broad features in the abstractchromatograms and as a peak in the low-frequency region of the corresponding power density plot.Onthe basis of examination of the power density distribution,a well-defined distinction is made betweenprimary and secondary abstract factors.The major uncertainty encountered in determining the numberof chemical components appears to arise from effects of contaminants in reagents.     

EXAMINING LARGE DATABASES:A CHEMOMETRIC APPROACH USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Principal component analysis is used to examine large multivariate databases.The graphical approachto exploratory data analysis is described and illustrated with a single example of chemical compositiondata obtained on environmental dust particles.While the graphical approach to exploratory data analysishas certain advantages over the numerical procedures,the empirical approach described here should beviewed as complementary to the more robust treatments that statistical methodologies afford.     

Characterization of Continental Intercalaire aquifer (CI) in the Tinrhert-East Area-Illizi Basin on the Algerian-Libyan Border

This paper addresses the characterization of the Continental Intercalaire aquifer(CI) in the Tinrhert-East area of Illizi Basin on the Algerian-Libyan border, which belongs to the SASS1 system, one of the biggest transboundary aquifers in the world. This study concerns a superficies of 4 300 km~2. On the basis of Mud Logging borehole data conducted in this part of the aquifer, a realistic characterization of the aquifer was done. The thickness of the CI aquifer varies from 300 m in the south to 700 m in the north, and the depth ranges from 180 m to 320 m. The interpretation of the logs showed that the aquifer is characterized by a maximum net thickness in its southwestern part(more than 600 m), the porosity is very high, ranging from 30% in the west to 24% at the Libyan borders, the permeability is low to medium around 10~(-5) m/s, and the maximum transmissivity values of about 8× 10~(-3) m~2/s were recorded at the center of the study area. The depth of water varies from 235 m to 312 m, and the water flows from south to north, in accordance with the general direction observed in the CI aquifer in the Northern Sahara Aquifer System(SASS). The porosity values obtained from the interpretation of the sonic and density logs permit to estimate the water reserves of this aquifer considered fossil, at thresholds much higher than what was considered until now.     

辽南大莲花泡全新世地层中某些元素分布规律及古环境意义

在辽南大莲花泡全新世地层早、中、晚 3个沉积阶段中 Ca元素含量表现为低 -高 -低变化 ,Al,Mg,Cr,Ni,Cu,V,B,Mn等元素呈高 -低 -高分布。因子分析揭示出控制元素这种分布的主要因素是碎屑成因和生物成因。Ca元素的“稀释剂”作用改变了其他元素的实际含量 ,造成与干凉 -暖湿 -干凉的全新世气候变化不相匹配的假象。     

节理岩体中地下洞室超挖预测

本文着重于岩体中洞室超挖-不稳定楔形体的预测。首先,论述洞室超挖的基本概念、主要原因及评价方法;其次分析和比较目前现有的针对洞室超挖的计算软件及其特征;然后介绍本文作者的计算软件;最后,简单介绍一个计算实例,即从野外地质调查着手,应用数理统计理论评价构成不稳定楔形体的主要地质参数及其模型,推导岩体中洞室超挖预测的一般公式;最后评价构成不稳定楔形体主要地质参数中的主要因素及次要因素,为节理岩体洞室防止超挖及其处理提供依据。     

波群的波向线散开因子方程

本文将既适用于平面笛卡尔直角坐标系又适用于球面坐标系的基本式同文献[16]中的波向线方程结合,导出波群的波向线散开因子方程。由此方程解出的散开因子是波群组成波的波要素的函数。据此因子连同浅水系数和摩擦系数就可求得波群的波动强度或波高沿波向线的变化。在一定条件下,所导得的方程便分别化为形同于相应坐标系中单频率波的。 所讨论的波群的折射是唯一地由水深变浅所致的。 根据线性势论,得到由波数、波向和频率都彼此稍异的两系正弦波迭加而成的简单波群,海洋中的波群虽较这复杂得多,但两者本质上是相同的。故所提方程可作为计算浅水域中波群的折射系数的模式。     

贵州省沿河县耕地土壤元素地球化学特征及其特色耕地利用建议

针对现有烟包上包机存在的占地面积过大,易发生掉包以及移动困难等问题,设计了一种基于可编程逻辑控制器（PLC)控制的新型烟包上包机。该设备采用提升链条为输送装置,可以对烟包进行垂直运输,从而减小占地面积;以托盘作为烟包输送的载体,可以使烟包在上包过程中放置平稳,减小掉包的可能性。利用SolidWorks软件完成整机机械结构的三维建模,采用PLC控制系统来控制烟包上包机的上包作业流程。与传统的烟包上包机相比,该新型烟包上包机具有占地面积小,上包作业过程运行平稳,操作简单轻便等优点,可适应多种工作场所。     

A new concept for estimating the influence of vegetation on throughfall kinetic energy using aerial laser scanning

Soil loss caused by erosion has enormous economic and social impacts. Splash effects of rainfall are an important driver of erosion processes; however, effects of vegetation on splash erosion are still not fully understood. Splash erosion processes under vegetation are investigated by means of throughfall kinetic energy (TKE). Previous studies on TKE utilized a heterogeneous set of plant and canopy parameters to assess vegetation's influence on erosion by rain splash but remained on individual plant- or plot-levels. In the present study we developed a method for the area-wide estimation of the influence of vegetation on TKE using remote sensing methods. In a literature review we identified key vegetation variables influencing splash erosion and developed a conceptual model to describe the interaction of vegetation and raindrops. Our model considers both amplifying and protecting effect of vegetation layers according to their height above the ground and aggregates them into a new indicator: the Vegetation Splash Factor (VSF). It is based on the proportional contribution of drips per layer, which can be calculated via the vegetation cover profile from airborne LiDAR datasets. In a case study, we calculated the VSF using a LiDAR dataset for La Campana National Park in central Chile. The studied catchment comprises a heterogeneous mosaic of vegetation layer combinations and types and is hence well suited to test the approach. We calculated a VSF map showing the relation between vegetation structure and its expected influence on TKE. Mean VSF was 1.42, indicating amplifying overall effect of vegetation on TKE that was present in 81% of the area. Values below 1 indicating a protective effect were calculated for 19% of the area. For future work, we recommend refining the weighting factor by calibration to local conditions using field-reference data and comparing the VSF with TKE field measurements. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

一种裂缝流体因子的提出及应用

为了解决各向异性下的流体识别问题,将纵波各向异性裂缝预测以及Russell的流体因子融合到直角坐标系中,提出了一种能够同时检测裂缝发育情况以及流体性质的新的裂缝流体因子(Factor of Fluid-filled Fracture,FFF),并通过一组岩性参数检验了裂缝流体因子在裂缝预测及流体识别中的有效性.在理论研究的基础上,选取松辽盆地某地区的火成岩裂缝及流体识别研究为应用实例.通过与测井流体及裂缝信息的对比验证,裂缝流体因子能够较为准确地预测研究区裂缝和流体的分布情况,且裂缝流体因子在单井上的计算结果与单井含气饱和度吻合度较高.此外,根据实际应用效果,指出裂缝流体因子在应用中的局限性:裂缝流体因子在平面成图时受地层厚度影响较大,且无法预测裂缝方向.