Nonculturability of the pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in live culture of Grateloupia turuturu is associated with bacterial attachment to the algal thalli

The invasive red alga Grateloupia turuturu Yamada could turn Vibrio parahaemolyticus into nonculturable state in live algal culture. In order to elucidate the mechanism of such an effect, a series of culture experiments were performed in this investigation based on three hypothesized causes, namely bacterial attachment, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the discharge of water soluble secondary metabolic compounds. The results reveal that attachment to the thallus surface of G. turuturu was the major reason for the decrease of V. parahaemolyticus in seawater. Further investigations show that V. parahaemolyticus attachment to the surface of algal thallus in live cultures of seaweeds was a common phenomenon. However, the disappearance of the culturability of V. parahaemolyticus occurred only on the thallus of G. turuturu over 72 h among all six algal species tested. Electron microscopic scanning shows that most of V. parahaemolyticus attached to G. turuturu changed from the initial normal bacilli to coccoid-shape after 72 h. The enclosure experiments by enclosing the algal thallus in tubes demonstrate that the nonculturability of V. parahaemolyticus in the water of live culture of G. turuturu occurred after the physical contact of the V. parahaemolyticus to the alga. The capacity of G. turuturu in affecting the culturability of V. parahaemolyticus was not influenced after inhibition of photosynthesis by treatment of 3''-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1'',1''-dimethyl urea (DCMU) at non-lethal levels. Production of reactive oxygen species after addition of live culture of bacteria was excluded by on-line analyzing the oxidation of dichlorohydrofluorescein (DCFH) to dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in the presence of peroxidase on a VersaFluor fluorometer.     

Dynamics of attached bacteria at the water-sediment interface in a mesotrophic swampy bog of Japan

The population dynamics of attached bacteria at the water-sediment interface were studied in a mesotrophic swampy bog, Matsumi-ike, near Tsukuba, Japan. The density of attached bacteria was higher at the sediment boundary layer than in the water column, and low inside the sediment (deeper, than 10 mm below the sediment surface) throughout the year. The density of bacteria attached on the glass slide was highest during spring when the source of organic matter in the water column was mainly withered cattail, and gradually decreased toward summer, while the phytoplankton became the dominant source of organic matter in the water column. The epibacterial populations in the water column and at the boundary showed almost the same seasonal fluctuation in attachment and detachment rates. However, bacterial growth rates did not show the same seasonal fluctuation, and annual average growth rates on the glass slides were all lower than that of bacterioplankton (free-living bacteria in water) in the water column.     

中国对虾摄食行为的化学感觉生理学研究──Ⅱ.中国对虾进食过程中的化学感觉

中国对虾成体的进食行为受接触化学感觉的调控，接触化学感觉的主要 作用是对食物进行选择。引起中国对虾进食行为的化学物质主要是一些小分子量 的可溶化合物，如氨基酸、有机酸等，天然食物的匀浆也有较强的效果。在浓度为 １０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时．引起中国对虾进食行为较强的化学物质包括天冬氨酸、谷氨酰胺， 精氨酸和赖氨酸等。接触化学感受器主要位于组成前口腔的感觉刚毛里。还研究 了ｐＨ对中国对虾进食敏感性的影响，发现酸性刺激物（低ＰＨ的自然海水）能有效 地引起对虾的进食行为．而碱性刺激物不能引起对虾的进食行为。     

藤壶黏附研究进展

藤壶是最常见的海洋污损动物,也是材料防污性能检测和评价试验中最主要的动物模型。藤壶附着从腺介幼虫探索适宜基底开始,到随后分泌藤壶胶进行固着,期间受自身及多种环境因子的影响。本文从藤壶腺介幼虫的黏附行为、影响黏附的因素和藤壶胶的特性3个方面出发,综述了近年来在藤壶黏附领域的研究进展,期望为新型防污产品的研发和检测评价提供较系统的参考资料。     

老年人的休闲涉入与地方依恋——基于广州城市公园的实证研究

在广州市7个城市公园收集423份有效问卷,基于吸引力、中心性、自我表现、地方依赖和地方认同等核心概念,构建老年人休闲涉入与地方依恋之间关系的模型。通过验证性因子分析和路径分析,探讨老年人休闲涉入对公园地方依恋的影响关系路径及影响机制。研究发现,休闲涉入的吸引力维度对地方依赖产生了显著的正向影响,自我表现维度正向显著影响地方认同,中心性维度正向显著影响地方依赖和地方认同。验证了休闲涉入与地方依恋之间总体上存在正相关,并将该结论拓展到老年人群体和公园休闲情境中。此外,探讨城市公园中老年人休闲涉入对地方依恋的影响机制,以期在人口老龄化的背景下,为提高老年人的地方依恋提供理论参考和实践建议。     

城市居民休闲的地方依恋研究——以广州荔枝湾为例

以广州荔枝湾为例,城市居民对休闲空间的地方依恋可分为地方依赖和地方认同两个维度,其中,地方认同即情感性依恋强于地方依赖即功能性依恋。城市居民对休闲空间的地方依恋及地方认同、地方依赖的程度随休闲距离的增加而衰减,随年龄的增长而增强,随教育程度的提高而减弱,同时,还受到闲暇时间的影响,但并不受收入水平的影响。依据休闲活动的地方依赖度和地方认同度差异,可将城市居民划分为功能需求型、地方冷淡型、地方依恋型和情感认同型4类休闲群体。     

不同附着基质对长茎葡萄蕨藻生长及附着效果的影响

【目的】探索不同附着基质对长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpalentillifera)直立枝生长及藻体附着效果的影响。【方法】对长茎葡萄蕨藻直立枝以垂直砂埋、水平砂埋、塑料网网夹、尼龙网网夹及无附着基质(对照组)五种附着方式进行实验,探究长茎葡萄蕨藻直立枝的生长、附着能力、光合特性参数及营养含量的变化。【结果】垂直砂埋处理下,藻体的新生直立枝质量、质量长度比及球状小枝的直径与其他各组相比最优(P <0.05),分别是0.313 3 g、0.086 6 g/mm和1.67 mm,是对照组的7.38、9.62、1.67倍;水平砂埋与对照组相比,藻体附着能力有显著增强(P <0.05),假根数为26,长度为30.77 mm及假根附着砂砾质量为0.566 0 g;除对照组外,各组最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率Y(II)值呈先下降后上升趋势,24 h后垂直沙埋藻体Fv/Fm和Y(II)最快恢复原始水平,为0.856μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和0.851μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),显著高于其余组(P <0.05);垂直砂埋与水平砂埋处理后的藻体,其可溶性糖含量分别比对照组显著降低34.24%和33.93%(P<0.05),而网夹处理后,没有显著差异(P> 0.05)。垂直砂埋处理对藻体总蛋白含量增加有显著促进作用,是对照组的1.26倍(P <0.05)。【结论】长茎葡萄蕨藻直立枝以垂直砂埋附着方式生长最佳,以水平砂埋附着方式附着更牢固。     

金属离子和神经递质对多室草苔虫幼虫附着的影响

研究了4种离子(K 、Ca2 、Mg2 、NH4 )和五种神经递质(r-氨基丁酸,缩写为GABA、乙酰胆碱、L-多巴、多巴胺、5-羟色胺)不同浓度溶液对多室草苔虫Bugula neritina幼虫附着的影响。结果表明,10—70mmol.L-1的K 和高于10mmol.L-1的NH4 均有效地诱导幼虫附着在培养皿底部,而1—50mmol.L-1的Mg2 则明显延长幼虫的浮游时间并抑制幼虫的最终附着。Ca2 对幼虫的附着没有明显的影响。10-2mol.L-1的GABA可以诱导幼虫附着,但低于该浓度则没有明显的作用。乙酰胆碱(10-2—10-3mol.L-1)、L-多巴(10-3—10-5mol.L-1)和多巴胺(10-3—10-4mol.L-1)均诱导幼虫的附着行为,但是却不能诱导幼虫的最终附着,这可能是由于这些物质限制了幼虫的活动能力,进而降低了其在探索过程中寻找到合适基质的机率。10-3—10-5mol.L-1的5-羟色胺通过强迫幼虫维持浮游而抑制幼虫的最终附着,据此推测5-羟色胺及其衍生物应用于开发无毒型的防污漆会有良好的前景。该研究为进一步研究苔藓虫幼虫的附着机制以及开发无毒环境友好型防污物质或是人工养殖苔藓虫提供了科学依据。