埃达克岩成因研究进展概述

埃达克岩提出之初是指那些源于俯冲带环境下,玄武质洋壳部分熔融形成的火山岩或者侵入岩.随后的研究发现,埃达克岩不仅仅只形成于岛弧环境,而具有多种成因模型：俯冲洋壳熔融、增厚下地壳熔融、拆沉下地壳熔融、玄武质岩浆的地壳混染和低压分离结晶（AFC）、高压分离结晶、岩浆混合作用以及地幔橄榄岩的直接熔融都可以形成与埃达克岩地球化学特征相同的岩石.这些研究成果丰富了我们对岛弧及下地壳岩浆活动的认识.     

中国东部燕山期埃达克岩的特征及其构造—成矿意义

埃达克岩是一套中酸性的火成岩，以亏损HREE和无负铕异常为特征，表明其形成深度很大，源区有石榴石残留。中国东部燕山期有许多中酸性岩浆岩类似埃达克岩的地球化学特征，但其形成环境却与消减作用无关。因此，本文将埃达克岩分为O型和C型两类：O型埃达克岩富Na，其成因与板块的消减作用有关；C型埃达克岩富K（大部分仍然是钠质的，少数为钾质的），可能是玄武岩底侵到加厚的陆壳（＞50km）底部导致的下地壳麻粒岩部分熔融的产物。C型运行达克岩对解释中国东部燕山期许多地质现象是有启发的。由于C型埃达克岩保存了下地壳的许多印记，因此，还可以利用C型埃达克岩来反演下地壳的组成，探讨与下地壳及壳－幔过程有关的成矿作用问题。     

德兴花岗闪长斑岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学和Nd-Sr同位素地球化学

德兴斑岩铜矿区的成矿斑岩的形成时代一直存在争议。本文对铜厂、富家钨花岗闪长斑岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学研究。研究结果显示:(1)铜厂花岗闪长斑岩样品中锆石15个分析点的206Pb/238U年龄为165～177Ma.206Pb/238U年龄的加权平均值为171±3 Ma;(2)富家钨花岗闪长斑岩样品中锆石15个分析点的206Pb/238U年龄为166-177Ma,206Pb/238U年龄的加权平均值也为171±3 Ma。因此,德兴花岗闪长斑岩形成于中侏罗世(171±3 Ma)。该年龄与德兴斑岩铜矿区辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素年龄(173 Ma)在误差范围内一致,暗示了成岩成矿的一致性。德兴花岗闪长斑岩的形成时代与华南地区许多A型花岗岩,双峰式或板内火成岩和矿床的形成时代也大致一致,同时也与赣-杭裂谷带的活动时间一致,表 明德兴斑岩铜矿和花岗闪长斑岩形成于一个伸展的动力学背景下。另外,德兴花岗闪长斑岩很少有老的继承锆石以及其高的εNd(t)(-1.14- 1.80)和极低的初始87St/86Sr比值(0.7044-0.7047),暗示古老的地壳物质对其贡献并不明显,地幔物质可能在德兴花岗闪长斑岩的成因中发挥了重要作用。再结合其具有的埃达克质岩的元素地球化学特征。本文认为德兴花岗闪长斑岩很可能由拆沉下地壳物质的熔融形成。     

甘肃北祁连毛藏寺埃达克岩及其成因类型

埃达克岩(Adakite)的特殊性及其科学和现实意义广泛地吸引着地球科学工作者。位于青藏高原东北缘的祁连山早古生代造山带是新中国地学界认识板块构造的摇篮。本文研究了北祁连造山带中段毛藏寺地区侵入岩的岩石学和地球化学特征,结果表明:毛藏寺地区加里东期中酸性侵入岩具有较高的SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Na₂O含量及Na₂O/K₂O值,MgO较低; LREE强富集,HREE明显亏损,L/H比值>15; 岩石Th、Sr、Ba具显著的正异常,Sr含量一般在507×10^-6 以上,具有高Sr/Y、La/Yb比值和较高的Cr、Ni含量; 岩石σ值一般为1.45～2.76,A/CNK值为0.83～1.15,多数<1.0,主体属于钙碱性岩系列,偏铝质花岗岩类。岩石化学特征指向埃达克岩。在(La/Yb)_N-Yb_N和Sr/Y-Y判别图上,样品落入埃达克岩范围; 在SiO₂-Mg^#图解上,岩体处在"板片来源的埃达克岩"区域,表明毛藏寺地区侵入岩属于"O"型埃达克岩,岩浆起源于俯冲洋壳的部分熔融。毛藏寺"O"型埃达克岩的识别表明,在早古生代中期,北祁连中段经历了洋壳俯冲、岛弧发育和壳幔共同作用的构造演化过程,为祁连山造山带的板块构造演化历史提供了新资料,为祁连山地区寻找和勘查与埃达克岩相关的矿产资源提供了一个可能的方向。     

藏南侏罗纪残留洋弧的地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带残留一系列中生代洋弧,厘定这些洋弧的形成时代和地球化学性质对于理解新特提斯洋的消减过程、确定南拉萨地体的组成和限定印度-欧亚板块的碰撞时限等都具有重要的意义。泽当微地体位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段,主要由英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和角闪岩组成。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,位于泽当西部的花岗闪长岩(简称泽当花岗闪长岩)形成于157.5±1.4Ma,与东部的英云闪长岩形成时代相近。全岩元素和同位素(Sr和Nd)地球化学分析结果表明泽当花岗闪长岩具有以下地球化学特征:(1)较高的SiO2(64.4%～68.4%)和Al2O3(16.9%～18.4%);(2)较高的Na2O/K2O比值(>2.1),显示富钠的特征;(3)富集LREE,亏损HREE,从Ho到Lu稀土分布样式上翘((Ho/Yb)N=0.69～0.90)和明显的Eu负异常;(4)较低的Y(<7.19×10-6)和Yb(<0.88×10-6),较高的Sr/Y>119.7和La/Yb>22.4,在Sr/Y-Y和La/Yb-Yb图解中,泽当花岗闪长岩都落入埃达克岩区域内;(5)87Sr/86Sr(t)(0.704065～0.704439)值较低,εNd(t)(+5.1～+6.1)值较高,显示其来自亏损地幔的特征;(6)亏损Zr、Hf、Ti和Y等高场强元素,富集大离子亲石元素,显示了岛弧岩浆岩的典型特征。上述数据表明,泽当花岗闪长岩不仅具有明显的岛弧岩浆岩的特征,而且具有显著的埃达克质特征,可能是在来自地幔楔部分熔融体的板底垫托作用下,新生基性下地壳重熔的产物。泽当微地体是一个残留的晚侏罗纪洋弧系统,是中生代新特提斯洋洋内俯冲系统的残留。     

北天山东段阿奇山组火山岩的地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年龄

阿奇山组分布于北天山东段觉罗塔格构造带内部的雅满苏岛弧带中,属于原雅满苏组下部的火山岩部分,而上部火山岩则属于土古土布拉克组。在阿奇山地区,阿奇山组由中-酸性火山岩、火山碎屑岩和火山碎屑沉积岩组成。岩石地球化学特征显示为钙碱性岛弧火山岩系列,火山岩主体具有高Sr、Na₂O、Al₂O₃、SiO₂, 低MgO、Y、Yb,及明显亏损HFSE、Nb、Ta等特征,与经典埃达克岩地球化学特征吻合,Nb、Sr、Sr/Y值显示为俯冲型埃达克岩。地球化学相关图解等表明岩浆同化混染作用弱、经历了辉石、斜长石、钛铁氧化物和磷灰石的分离结晶作用、且部分熔融发生在石榴石稳定域。与东部土屋-雅满苏地区阿奇山组火山岩的对比研究表明,东部地区的火山岩不具埃达克岩特征,说明埃达克岩分布的局限性。锆石U-Pb SHRIMP 谐和年龄为341.7±2.7Ma,与首次在该组中采集的化石资料完全一致,代表了火山岩的形成年龄。与其北部大南湖岛弧带中的小热泉子组、企鹅山组形成年龄（325.1±3.2Ma、322.6±2.0Ma）对比研究暗示,准噶尔板块南缘石炭纪存在构造-岩浆活动随时间由南向北迁移。     

西秦岭北缘与埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩有关的斑岩型铜-钼-金成矿作用

埃达克岩是以往20年中特别引起人们兴趣和关注的与成矿有关的中酸性岩浆岩之一,而喜马拉雅型花岗岩是最近提出来的也与地壳加厚有关的花岗岩类。本文的研究表明,在西秦岭北缘存在印支期的埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩,而且它们均与金、铜、钼等成矿作用有关。研究表明,本区阿姨山和德乌鲁-黑河地区的埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩具有较高的Mg^#数值,可能是加厚地壳底部幔源岩浆和壳源岩浆混合形成的,而温泉和柴家庄地区的埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩Mg^#低,应当是加厚的下地壳部分熔融形成的。文中介绍了西秦岭北带斑岩铜-钼-金矿带的地质背景,讨论了埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩的特征及其与成矿作用的关系,提出了进一步找矿工作的建议。研究表明,三叠纪时期的西秦岭造山带地壳厚度大,岩浆活动频繁,找矿潜力巨大,是我国新一轮的铜钼金找矿区之一,发展前景很大。     

Petrogenesis and timing of emplacement of porphyritic monzonite,dolerite, and basalt associated with the Kuoerzhenkuola Au deposit,Western Junggar,NW China: implications for early Carboniferous tectonic setting and Cu–Au mineralization prospectivity

ABSTRACT

The Kuoerzhenkuola epithermal Au deposit is located in the northern part of the West Junggar region of NW China and is underlain by a recently discovered porphyritic monzonite intrusion that contains Cu–Au mineralization. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of this intrusion yielded an age of 350 ± 4.7 Ma. The porphyritic monzonite is calc-alkaline and is characterized by high concentrations of Sr (583–892 ppm), significant depletions in the heavy rare earth elements (HREE; e.g. Yb = 0.96–2.57 ppm) and Y (10.4–23.3 ppm), and primitive mantle-normalized multi-element variation diagram patterns with positive Sr and Ba and negative Nb and Ti anomalies, all of which indicate that this intrusion is compositionally similar to adakites elsewhere. The composition of the porphyritic monzonite is indicative of the derivation from magmas generated by the melting of young subducted slab material. The area also contains Nb-enriched basalts that are enriched in sodium (Na₂O/K₂O = 1.20–3.90) and have higher Nb, Zr, TiO₂, and P₂O₅ concentrations and Nb/La and Nb/U ratios than typical arc basalts. The juxtaposition of adakitic rocks, Nb-enriched basalts, and dolerites in this region suggests that the oceanic crust of the expansive oceans within the West Junggar underwent early Carboniferous subduction. Magnetite is widespread throughout the Kuoerzhenkuola Au deposit, as evidenced by the volcanic breccias cemented by late hydrothermal magnetite and pyrite. In addition, the zoned potassic, quartz-sericite alteration, and propylitic and kaolin alteration in the deeper parts of the porphyritic monzonite are similar to those found in porphyry Cu–Au deposits. These findings, coupled with the mineralogy and geochemistry of the alteration associated with the Kuoerzhenkuola Au deposit, suggest that the mineralization in this area is not purely epithermal, with the geology and geochemistry of the porphyritic monzonite in this area suggesting that a porphyry Cu–Au deposit is probably located beneath the Kuoerzhenkuola Au deposit.     

Adakite-like signature of porphyry granitoid stocks in the Meiduk and Parkam porphyry copper deposits,NE of Shahr-e-Babak,Kerman, Iran: Constrains on geochemistry

The Middle Miocene porphyry granitoid stocks of Meiduk and Parkam porphyry copper deposits are intruded in the north-western part of the Dehaj-Sarduiyeh volcano-sedimentary belt in the south-eastern extension of the Urumieh-Dukhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) in Iran. The porphyritic to microgranular granitoids are mainly consist of quartz diorite, granodiorite and diorite. The whole rock geochemical analyses of these rocks reveals sub-alkaline, calc-alkaline, meta-peraluminous and I-type characteristics. Their geochemical characteristics such as Al₂O₃ content of 13.51–17.05 wt%, high Sr concentration (mostly >400 ppm), low Yb (an average of 0.74 ppm) and Y (an average of 9.02 ppm) contents, strongly differentiated REE patterns (La/Yb ≥ 20), lack of Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu¹ ≥ 1) are indicative of adakitic signature. Their enrichment in low field strength elements (LFSE) and conspicuous negative anomalies for Nb, Ta and Ti are typical of subduction related magmas. Detailed petrological studies and geochemical data indicated that Meiduk and Parkam porphyry granitoids were derived from amphibole fractionation of hydrous melts at a depth of >40 km in a post-collisional tectonic setting.     

Two different types of granitoids in the Suyunhe large porphyry Mo deposit,NW China and their genetic relationships with molybdenum mineralization

The Suyunhe large porphyry Mo deposit (∼0.57 Mt molybdenum), located in the West Junggar, NW China, is the largest known porphyry Mo deposit in Xinjiang. Granitoids in this deposit are mainly characterized by three closely spaced intrusive centers (known as stocks I, II and III respectively). The stocks I and III mainly consist of barren granodiorite porphyry and tonalite porphyry, whereas the stock II is mainly composed of fertile monzonitic granite porphyry and granite porphyry. Based on detailed major and trace element, and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses, two distinct compositional groups can be identified. The first group of high-silica end-members (HSE) is characterized by high SiO₂ (mostly >75 wt%), low MgO (0.07–0.69 wt%) and Mg# (0.19–0.36), significant Eu depletion in the chondrite-normalized diagram, and low Sr/Y and La/Yb, as well as noticeably negative anomalies of Ba, Sr, P and Ti in the primitive mantle-normalized diagram. The second group of low-silica end-members (LSE), however, displays adakite-like features with lower SiO₂ (<75 wt%), higher MgO (0.52–1.32 wt%) and Mg# (0.32–0.52; mostly >0.4), and higher Sr/Y (mostly >20) and La/Yb (>8). The depleted Sr–Nd isotopic characteristics (ε_Nd(T) = 3.5–6.4 and I_sr = 0.7026–0.7055) and young two-stage model ages of HSE and LSE indicate that they were both derived from partial melting of juvenile lower crust that might be triggered by asthenosphere upwelling subsequent to a slab rollback event. However, the depths of initial melting might be different. The current evidence demonstrates that HSE in the Suyunhe deposit formed by partial melting of juvenile crust at depths of less than ∼33 km with a plagioclase residue, whereas that for LSE occurred at depths of >40 km where a garnet residue existed and the crust was thickened. The lower source depth, as well as subsequently strong plagioclase fractionation, results in the absence of adakite-like characteristics in HSE.The Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺and Eu_N/Eu_N1 ratios in zircons of HSE are much lower than ore-forming intrusions from porphyry Cu deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, but noticeably higher than barren intrusions from the Lachlan fold belt and ore-bearing intrusions from small-intermediate porphyry Mo deposits from the East Qinling–Dabie and the Nanling metallogenic belts, China, indicating that neither too high nor too low oxygen fugacities are favorable for large porphyry Mo deposits. Based on previous studies of adakitic rocks in the world, adakite-like LSE in the Suyunhe deposit are believed to have higher oxygen fugacities, and thus be less fertile than HSE. We finally suggest that adakites and adakite-like rocks are unproductive for porphyry Mo deposits.