Mean-field concept and direct numerical simulations of rotating magnetoconvection and the geodynamo

Mean-field theory describes magnetohydrodynamic processes leading to large-scale magnetic fields in various cosmic objects. In this study magnetoconvection and dynamo processes in a rotating spherical shell are considered. Mean fields are defined by azimuthal averaging. In the framework of mean-field theory, the coefficients which determine the traditional representation of the mean electromotive force, including derivatives of the mean magnetic field up to the first order, are crucial for analyzing and simulating dynamo action. Two methods are developed to extract mean-field coefficients from direct numerical simulations of the mentioned processes. While the first method does not use intrinsic approximations, the second one is based on the second-order correlation approximation. There is satisfying agreement of the results of both methods for sufficiently slow fluid motions. Both methods are applied to simulations of rotating magnetoconvection and a quasi-stationary geodynamo. The mean-field induction effects described by these coefficients, e.g., the α-effect, are highly anisotropic in both examples. An α²-mechanism is suggested along with a strong γ-effect operating outside the inner core tangent cylinder. The turbulent diffusivity exceeds the molecular one by at least one order of magnitude in the geodynamo example. With the aim to compare mean-field simulations with corresponding direct numerical simulations, a two-dimensional mean-field model involving all previously determined mean-field coefficients was constructed. Various tests with different sets of mean-field coefficients reveal their action and significance. In the magnetoconvection and geodynamo examples considered here, the match between direct numerical simulations and mean-field simulations is only satisfying if a large number of mean-field coefficients are involved. In the magnetoconvection example, the azimuthally averaged magnetic field resulting from the numerical simulation is in good agreement with its counterpart in the mean-field model. However, this match is not completely satisfactory in the geodynamo case anymore. Here the traditional representation of the mean electromotive force ignoring higher than first-order spatial derivatives of the mean magnetic field is no longer a good approximation.     

Hydro-elastic wave proliferation over an impermeable seabed with bottom deformation

ABSTRACT

A hydro-elastic frame has been considered to investigate the proliferation of waves over small base deformation on an infinitely extended flexible seabed. The flexible base surface is assumed as a thin elastic plate of very small thickness and it depends on the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation. For any particular frequency, there are two different modes of time-harmonic propagating wave exists rather than one mode of propagating wave along the positive horizontal direction. The waves with smaller wavenumber spread along the free-surface of the sea (say, free-surface mode) and the waves with higher wavenumber spread along the flexible base surface (say, flexural mode). A simplified perturbation approach is utilised to bring down the entire equations which govern the original boundary value problem (bvp) to a less complex bvp for the first-order velocity potential function. The first-order potential function along with the first-order reflection and transmission coefficients for both modes are calculated by a procedure based upon Fourier transform approach. A shape of sinusoidal swells flexible base surface is taken as an example to approve the scientific results. It is observed that when the train of normal incident propagating wave spreads over base distortion because of either the free-surface unsettling influence or the flexural wave movement in the sea, the reflected and transmitted energy are always feasible to be exchanged from one particular wave mode to another wave mode. Furthermore, we notice that the realistic changes in the flexural rigidity behaviour on the flexible base surface of the sea have a significant effect on the problem of water wave proliferation over small base deformation. Moreover, the energy conservation equation is derived with the help of the Green's integral theorem. The results for the values of reflection and transmission coefficients obtained for both the free-surface unsettling influence as well as flexural wave movement in the fluid are found to satisfy the energy conservation equation almost accurately.     

利用探地雷达频谱反演层状介质几何与电性参数

通过对地下层状介质探地雷达(GPR)回波广义反射系数的奇偶分解,建立了联系GPR反射系数序列频谱与介质几何参数、电性参数的代价函数,这些介质参数包括地下反射面的深度、层厚度以及各层的介电常数和电导率,从而提出了一种由GPR频谱同时估算地下介质多参数的全局优化反演方法.为了对多参数全局优化算法给出一个合理的参数初值,研究了不同参数对反射系数序列频谱属性的影响规律,提出了利用不同频谱属性分别估算不同参数的分步反演方法.以分步反演方法得到的结果作为多参数全局优化反演的初值,可以极大地提高反演计算的效率和反演结果的可靠性.用理论模型合成数据和GPR公路检测数据对本文方法进行了测试,结果表明本文方法效果良好,具有较高的分辨率,能较好的给出厚度小于调谐厚度的薄层的深度、厚度和介电常数等参数.     

Explicit algebraic influence coefficients: two-dimensional aquifer model / Coefficients d'influence algébriques explicites: modèle d'aquifère bidimensionnel

Abstract

This work extends the algebraic expression of influence coefficients developed for one-dimensional aquifer models to a two-dimensional (2-D) case. First, the partial differential equation governing the flow in a 2-D semi-confined aquifer is discretized using a finite difference scheme. This results in a system of discrete equations presented in the form of water balance equations associated with a network of interconnected compartments centred on the grid nodes. The foregoing system is transformed into a series of uncoupled 1-D equations stated in terms of some generalized hydraulic head for which they are also solved. Second, the original hydraulic head is recovered from the generalized one via an appropriate linear transformation. Whence, the algebraic expression making the hydraulic head explicit versus sources and boundary conditions is derived. This discrete expression, mapped onto its continuous counterpart, helps to deduce an algebraic form of the inter-compartment influence coefficients. Finally, a comparison with the analytical Green function is carried out.     

东北地区M≥5.0地震前中等地震集中活动的震兆研究

定义了描述东北地区中等地震活动增强的3个参量E、T和R,并对东北地区11次M≥5.0地震进行了统计分析.结果显示,东北地区地震活动具有明显的区域性特点:辽宁地区和嫩江断裂以西地区M≥5.0地震前均存在4级地震集中活动的现象,且预期的5级以上地震大部分发生在最近1次4级地震后的半年内;嫩江断裂以东地区5级地震前没有中等地震集中活动的特征.ETR方法在中等地震活跃后判定未来5级地震的震中时具有一定的指示意义.     

改进的正交多项式变换在地震资料去噪中的应用

水平叠加虽然在很大程度上压制了噪声,提高了地震剖面的信噪比,但CMP遭集上还存在不少不是一次波的规则干扰和随机噪声,不利于叠前资料的岩性反演和叠后资料的波阻抗反演.本文提出了基于改进的正交多项式变换压制地震资料中随机噪声的方法,其优势在于:通过对不同时间信号的奇异值分解,确定有效信号正交多项式系数谱的阶数;再利用小波变换,改善有效信号和噪声在低阶上的混叠.文中给出了具体处理的过程,数据试验和实际资料的处理结果表明该方法不仅能有效地压制噪声,而且还能较好地保护地震数据中AVO变化特征.     

A review of assessment methods for cellular automata models of land-use change and urban growth

ABSTRACT

Cellular automata (CA) models are in growing use for land-use change simulation and future scenario prediction. It is necessary to conduct model assessment that reports the quality of simulation results and how well the models reproduce reliable spatial patterns. Here, we review 347 CA articles published during 1999–2018 identified by a Scholar Google search using ‘cellular automata’, ‘land’ and ‘urban’ as keywords. Our review demonstrates that, during the past two decades, 89% of the publications include model assessment related to dataset, procedure and result using more than ten different methods. Among all methods, cell-by-cell comparison and landscape analysis were most frequently applied in the CA model assessment; specifically, overall accuracy and standard Kappa coefficient respectively rank first and second among all metrics. The end-state assessment is often criticized by modelers because it cannot adequately reflect the modeling ability of CA models. We provide five suggestions to the method selection, aiming to offer a background framework for future method choices as well as urging to focus on the assessment of input data and error propagation, procedure, quantitative and spatial change, and the impact of driving factors.     

地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力响应和破坏模式大型振动台试验研究

5•12汶川大地震触发了大量的顺层岩质滑坡,对其进行研究很有必要。根据动力模型试验的相似关系,设计制作了1个坡角大于岩层倾角的尺寸(高×长×宽)为1.6 m×1.75 m×0.8 m的顺层模型边坡,并完成了大型振动台试验。试验结果表明,在坡体表面和内部竖直方向上,加速度放大系数随着坡体高程增加而增大,并且随着高程增加,加速度放大系数增大的速度加快;在坡体内同一高程上,坡面处的加速度放大系数大于一定水平深度坡体内部的加速度放大系数,表现出趋表效应;地震波输入频率对坡体动力响应有明显影响,随着频率的增加,越接近坡体的自振频率,加速度放大效应越显著;加速度放大系数随着输入波振幅的增加,总体上表现为递减趋势;通过和均质边坡振动台试验加速度监测数据对比,发现坡体结构对坡体加速度放大系数也有一定的影响,结构面对地震波的反射和折射作用加大了坡体加速度的放大效应。,对试验过程中坡体破坏特征的描述和分析发现,边坡的破坏模式为地震诱发－坡肩拉裂张开－坡面中部出现裂缝－裂缝贯通－发生高位滑坡－转化为碎屑流－堆积坡脚。研究成果对地震灾区滑坡形成机制的认识和减灾防灾有一定的价值。     

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第四纪盆地隐伏断层活动性的D-T法研究及应用

本文在跨断层钻孔勘探的基础上,针对钻孔联合剖面提出了钻孔沉积深度-时间(D-T)分析方法。该方法以深度为纵轴、沉积时代为横轴做每一钻孔的D-T曲线,分析同一钻探场地断层两侧D-T曲线反映的沉积速率的差别,判断断层的活动时代和错距。该方法在福州盆地和泉州盆地的城市活断层探测项目应用得到较好的结果。最后分析了该方法的影响因素,指出钻探场地的地形(古地形)的稳定平坦是D-T法的关键。