Influence of Vertical Eddy Diffusivity Parameterization on Daily and Monthly Mean Concentrations of O3 and NOy

Two parameterization schemes for vertical eddy diffusivity were utilized to investigate their impacts on both the daily and monthly mean concentrations of ozone and NOy, which are the major fractions of the sum of all reactive nitrogen species, i.e., NOy=NO＋NO2＋HNO3＋PAN. Simulations indicate that great changes in the vertical diffusivity usually occur within the planetary boundary layer （PBL）. Daily and monthly mean concentrations of NOy are much more sensitive to changes in the vertical diffusivity than those of ozone and ozone and NOy levels only at or in （relatively） clean sites and areas, where long-range transport plays a crucial role, display roughly equivalent sensitivity. The results strongly suggest that a widely-accepted parameterization scheme be selected and the refinement of the model＇s vertical resolution in the PBL be required, even for regional and long-term studies, and ozone only being examined in an effort to judge the model＇s performance be unreliable, and NOy be included for model evaluations.     

不同天气系统宁夏夏季降雨谱分布参量特征的观测研究

利用 1982— 1984年 6～ 9月份在 7个气象站 2 0 0次观测获取的 6 0 5 3份滴谱资料 ,分析了宁夏雨滴谱及有关物理量的特征。宁夏地区夏季降水平均雨滴空间浓度数为 2 85个·m-3 ,平均谱可以描述为N(Di) =2 0 9.2exp(- 2 .6 335Di)。文中给出了不同雨强下的平均谱分布及谱参数的演变和影响降水的 3种环流形势下的平均滴谱特征 ,还分别建立了雷达反射率因子Z与雨强、雨滴落地动能通量和雨水含量之间的相关关系。这些资料可用于雷达定量测定降水和区域降水量、水土保持和生态环境建设     

湖南夏季雨量场的EOF的稳定性及其长期预报

利用 1 958～ 1 995年湖南夏季雨量场 ,分析了经验正交函数 ( EOF) ,结果表明 ,它能反映降水的空间分布特征。将该场划分为 1 958～ 1 983年和 1 970～ 1 995年两段 ,对原始场和两个新场的 EOF进行了比较和讨论 ,发现在一定条件下 ,EOF是稳定的。将该场序列延伸至 1 997年 ,并划分为 1 958～ 1 977年和 1 978～ 1 997年两个不重合的时段 ;结果 EOF仍较稳定 ,这可能与场内平均相关状况的差异较小有关。在此基础上 ,采用主成份筛选的建模方案 ,制作了雨量场的长期预报。     

濮阳市汛期特旱、特涝异常年趋势预测方法

通过计算旱涝指数，科学、客观地定出大早大涝年。通过对太阳活动、ENS0现象、大气环流与濮阳汛期早涝的相关分析，筛选出相关因子，建立了汛期特旱、特涝异常年及排除特旱、特涝年后的一般降水趋势3重预报方程。方程对特旱年的预报概括率100％，对特涝年的概括率86％，一般降水趋势预报准确率88％。     

2006-2010年南宫酸雨变化特征及影响因素

利用2006-2010年南宫酸雨观测资料和地面资料、结合邢台探空资料及天气形势,采用数理统计方法,分析南宫酸雨变化特征及不同气象条件对酸雨的影响。结果表明：近年来南宫降水平均pH值均小于4.70,酸雨频率大于50%,属于重酸雨区或较重酸雨区。降水酸性在夏秋两季较强,而酸雨出现频率则在秋冬两季较大,降水电导率冬季最大。南宫酸雨多出现在主导风向为偏东风、静风及北-西北风|高空天气系统为切变线时,酸雨及强酸雨频率随降水量级增大而增大|酸雨强度随相对湿度和逆温增加而增强。     

An evaluation of acid deposition on cation leaching and weathering rates of an Andosol and a Cambisol

An evaluation of the response of an Andosol and a Cambisol to acid deposition and weathering rates was studied by using a controlled laboratory leaching experiment. Both soils where derived from mafic parent material, a Histic Andosol from Western Iceland and a Cambisol from North East Scotland. De-ionized water and water acidified with H₂SO₄ (pH 3) was leached through reconstructed soil columns to simulate 34 years of precipitation.Acidic input increased cation leaching and weathering rates in both soil types and reduced pH levels. The Andosol proved generally to have higher weathering rates, leaching potential, ion exchange and acid-buffering capacity as well as maintaining a relatively steady pH despite intense acidic input. This was due to differences in parent material and mineral composition. The Andosol was developed from basaltic volcanic tephra, which had higher dissolution rates due to its amorphous mineral structures. The Cambisol was developed from gabbro with more stable mineral structures.     

Heavy metal geochemistry of the acid mine drainage discharged from the Hejiacun uranium mine in central Hunan,China

The acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the Hejiacun uranium mine in central Hunan (China) was sampled and analyzed using ICP-MS techniques. The analyzing results show that the AMD is characterized by the major ions Fe_Total, Mn, Al and Si, and is concentrated with heavy metals and metalloids including Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb, Tl, V, Cr, Se, As and Sb. During the AMD flowing downstream, the dissolved heavy metals were removed from the AMD waters through adsorption onto and co-precipitation with metal-oxhydroxides coated on the streambed. Among these metals, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and Tl are negatively correlated to pH values, and positively correlated to major ions Fe, Al, Si, Mn, Mg, Ca and K. The metals/metalloids V, Cr, Se, As and Sb are conservative in the AMD solution, and negatively-correlated to major ions Na, Ca and Mg. Due to the above different behaviors of these chemical elements, the pH-negatively related metals (PM) and the conservative metals (CM) are identified; the PM metals include Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and Tl, and the CM metals V, Cr, Se, As and Sb. Based on understanding the geochemistry of PM and CM metals in the AMD waters, a new equation: EXT = (Acidity + PM)/pH + CM × pH, is proposed to estimate and evaluate extent of heavy-metal pollution (EXT) of AMD. The evaluation results show that the AMD and surface waters of the mine area have high EXT values, and they could be the potential source of heavy-metal contamination of the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is suggested that both the AMD and surface waters should be treated before they are drained out of the mine district, for which the traditional dilution and neutralization methods can be applied to remove the PM metals from the AMD waters, and new techniques through reducing the pH value of the downstream AMD waters should be developed for removal of the CM metals.     

中华绒螯蟹精子形成过程酸性磷酸酶的分布特征

将金属盐法与光镜、电镜技术相结合,研究中华绒螯蟹精子形成过程中酸性磷酸酶分布的变化。研究表明,在精子形成的早期,酸性磷酸酶由细胞质中的内质网小泡上产生,随后出现在细胞核内、顶体囊膜上及顶体管内,并且反应产物逐渐由分布均匀的细密颗粒聚集成分布均匀的较大的颗粒;当精子成熟后酸性磷酸酶均匀分布在顶体管中,反应产物颗粒比较大,穿孔器部分发现有少量酸性磷酸酶分布。     

雨水净化湿地的设计初探——以天目湖旅游度假区沙河湿地设计为例

雨水净化湿地属于人造湿地系统,其设计的目的是最大限度地去掉雨水径流中的污染物质。天目湖旅游度假区沙河水库上游存在多种水体污染来源,这些污染物质可通过雨水径流进入库区。沙河水库作为饮用水源保护地,有必要在上游湖泊滩地内建造雨水湿地,保护库区的水质。通过分析雨水湿地的设计因素及标准,提出适合基地条件的雨水湿地类型及其设计方法。     

The Effect of Particulate Matter Components on the Acidity of Rain in Upper Silesia (Poland)

Analysis of data characterizing the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation was presented, with an emphasis on components responsible for neutralization of rain acidity. For this purpose, chemometric methods were applied. Based on a principal component analysis (PCA) a strong correlation between precipitation pH and potassium and ammonium ions in the heating period (October–March) and potassium and sodium ions in the non‐heating period (April–September) was observed. Additionally, a classification of eight variables, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, , , Cl^?, and according to their similarities was made using a cluster analysis. Based on this study, two ions, potassium and ammonium, together with the pH value were classified into one group (cluster) in the heating period while in the non‐heating period ions of potassium and sodium were clustered together with the pH. The results of the cluster analysis indicated that the selected ions contributed the most to the neutralization of the atmospheric precipitation acidity. This relationship was confirmed by a discriminant analysis in which potassium and ammonium ions were selected as components of the highest potential for precipitation classification according to its acidity degree. The relationship between the precipitation pH and the number of non‐precipitation days preceding the precipitation was also analyzed. It was found that although the observed an increase of the pH value was not very high, nevertheless, the effect of the duration of the period preceding the precipitation on the pH value recorded on the day of the precipitation occurrence was quite evident.