河南省春季和秋季降水时空变化的特征研究

进行人工增雨作业和规划必须了解目标地区的气候背景,才能有较好的作业效果,因此根据河南省1971～2001年114个气象站点4月和10月的降水资料,采用具有分类显著性检验的聚类统计检验分析方法进行分区,并在此基础上对降水距平百分率、降水强度和雨日数等参数作分析,研究其各分区降水的时、空变化特征和演变规律.结果表明:(1)河南省4月和10月降水量和雨日数具有明显的区域性分布特征,均呈现北少南多、东北少西南多的特点;月平均降水量从北向南增大主要是雨日数从北向南的增加起决定性的作用,其中以中雨雨日数的增加起主导作用.(2)4月各分区降水量和雨日数的年际演变趋势均呈减少趋势;10月各分区的降水量呈减少趋势,但雨日数的年际演变呈现不同的趋势,个别分区强度较小降水(小雨和中雨)的雨日数呈增加趋势.(3)从旱涝年份情况上看,4月和10月各分区在31年中均以干旱、少雨年居多,并且均以无降水日、小雨雨日占多数.其中,4月河南省最北部的分区(分区1)和最南部的分区(分区5)是干旱年出现最为频繁的区域,其余分区干旱年出现的频数较接近;各等级强度降水的雨日数均以分区5最多,以分区1最少;10月河南最北部的分区(分区1)是旱涝年发生最为频繁的区域,其余分区旱涝年出现频数较接近,各等级强度降水的日数均以河南最南部的分区(分区4)最多,而分区1最少.这些结果对河南省开展人工增雨作业布局规划和人工增雨效果检验是有重要参考价值的.     

江门地区一次暴雨天气分析及数值预报的应用

本文探讨了江门地区前汛期一次暴雨天气发生发展的物理机制和数值预报产品的特点,结果表明：槽前的正涡度平流导致强烈辐合上升运动,触发边界层不稳定能量的释放,是暴雨产生的触发机制;时、空分辨率较细的数值预报产品对暴雨落点、落区预报提供了较好的参考依据。     

Cyanobacterial mineralisation of posnjakite (Cu4(SO4)(OH)6·H2O) in Cu-rich acid mine drainage at Yanqul,northern Oman

This is the first detailed account of the copper sulfate posnjakite (Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆·H₂O) coating cm-long filaments of a microbial consortium of four cyanobacteria and Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans. It was first observed on immersed plant leaves and stalks in a quarry sump of the abandoned Yanqul gold mine in the northern region of Oman; rock surfaces in the immediate vicinity show no immediate evidence of posnjakite. However, a thin unstructured layer without filaments but also containing the brightly coloured turquoise posnjakite covers ferruginous muds in the sump. Although copper is a potent bactericide, the microbes seem to survive even at the extreme heavy metal concentrations that commonly develop in the sump during the dry season (Cu²⁺ ≈ 2300 ppm; Zn²⁺ = 750 ppm; Fe²⁺ ≈ 120 ppm; Ni²⁺ = 37 ppm; Cr_total = 2.5 ppm; Cl⁻ = 8250 ppm; and SO₄²⁻ = 12,250 ppm; pH ∼2.6), thus leading to the precipitation of posnjakite over a large range of physicochemical conditions. Upon exposure to the prevailing arid climate, dehydration and carbonation quickly replace posnjakite with brochantite (Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆) and malachite (Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂). To characterise and understand the geochemical conditions in which posnjakite precipitates from undersaturated fluids (according to our thermodynamic modelling of the dominant elements), waters from rainy and dry periods were analysed together with various precipitates and compared with the observed field occurrences. The findings imply that posnjakite should not form in the examined environment through purely inorganic mechanisms and its origin must, therefore, be linked to the encountered microbial activities.     

气象与水利雨情共享系统的实现

在气象与水利部门之间建立物理通讯网络,用SQLSERVER建立雨情信息共享库,双方把各自的实时雨情数据分别入库,并通过研发的基于地理信息系统的显示软件综合显示给用户。这既加大了全市雨量的峪测密度,义为防汛抗旱提供了全面系统的第一手雨情信息,大大提高了领导的决策指挥和灾害应对能力。     

塔中地区碳酸盐岩高含量二氧化碳的产生及研究意义

塔中碳酸盐岩天然气样品中CO_2含量及其碳同位素值的分析表明,CO_2既有有机成因也有无机成因,而烃气则全为有机成因。样品对比表明,塔中碳酸盐岩天然气中的CO_2含量一般在5%以下,而高含量的CO_2则是酸化压裂时由人工注入的强酸与碳酸盐岩地层反应产生的。酸化压裂产生的CO_2含量与注入地层的酸量正相关,与求产时间负相关;据此建立了最高CO_2含量—酸量—时间相关关系图版。酸化压裂可使气样中的CO_2含量增加,但对N_2和H_2S的含量没什么影响。增高的CO_2会使和CO_2含量有关的参数受到影响,但不会影响和CO_2含量无关的研究参数。对天然气分析数据的使用提出了相关建议。     

珠江三角洲地区酸雨及酸化地下水分布特征

珠江三角洲地区是我国酸雨比较严重的地区之一,二氧化硫排放量大,酸雨频率高,pH值低,其对地下水的酸化起着主要的影响作用。经对该地区878个地下水点的pH值现场测试表明,pH值小于6的地下水约占33.4%,酸性地下水（pH值〈6.5）主要分布于西、北、东环绕的低山、丘陵地区,分布面积要占到全区面积的四分之三,地下水酸化已成为区域地下水最大的环境地质问题。     

子午岭森林植被的破坏与对流性降雨

本文基于子午岭林区面积大幅度下降的事实,对比毁林前后两阶段林区与其外围地区气象站的降水观测资料,重点分析了毁林前后局部地区对流性降雨的变化。     

甘肃河东雨养农业区土壤水分变化规律的研究

利用甘肃雨养农业区11个站点的土壤湿度资料及其相关的气象资料分析了该区域土壤水分时空变化规律、降雨量的补给和作物土壤水分状况.该区域土壤含水量自东南向西北减小, 变异系数增大.土壤水分不足区水分变化主要集中在90 cm以上, 而土壤水分严重不足区、作物生育关键期土壤水分不足区和土壤水分充足区水分变化深度可达180 cm左右.雨季降雨量对土壤水分补给率的地域变化范围为15.3%~41.7%; 补给率除受降雨量的影响外, 土壤类型也是一个重要的制约因子.除成县、临夏和西峰外, 其余各站在小麦生育期水分亏缺量均超过100 mm, 占需水量的30%~50%.     

Column tests to enhance sulphide precipitation with liquid organic electron donators to remediate AMD-influenced groundwater

Dump groundwaters in the former East-German lignite-mining district are characterized by high amounts of ferrous iron and sulphate. Both the pyrite weathering products endanger the surface water quality when discharged into lakes. Only the precipitation of both contaminants in the subsurface can prevent the further contamination of surface waters. The two-step process of microbial catalyzed sulphate reduction and iron sulphide precipitation is limited by the low availability of natural organic substances as electron donators. Therefore, a new remediation technique is developed based on the injection of a liquid organic electron donator (methanol) into the contaminated aquifer. The saturated aquifer is used as a bioreactor, where iron monosulphides are precipitated in the groundwater-filled pore space. Column experiments were performed under natural pressure and temperature conditions with natural anoxic groundwater and original sediments to test the remediation technology. The test showed that a complete iron removal (4 mmol/l), even under rather acid conditions (pH 3.8), is possible after having established an active sulphate reducer population. The turnover of the added organic substance with sulphate is complete and the amount of the resulting sulphide controls the effluent pH. In addition, intensified microbial activity triggers the turnover of natural organic substances. Also, natural Fe(III) hydroxides react with the sulphide produced. Considering the long natural retention times (decades), artificially enhanced FeS precipitation is spontaneous, although it shows kinetic behaviour in the range of days. In light of the promising results, the development of a field scale application of this technique is considered to be necessary. It will have to focus on the improved precipitation control of the FeS in the subsurface.     

History of Mine Drainage Impact on Lake Orijärvi Algal Communities, SW Finland

The Cu (Pb, Zn) mine of Orijärvi (1757–1956) was the first mining operation in Finland where flotation techniques (1911–1955) were used to enrich ore. Large quantities of tailings were produced. The impacts of past mining activities on the aquatic ecosystem of nearby Lake Orijärvi were studied using a combination of paleolimnological methods (analysis of sedimentary diatom frustules, chrysophycean cysts, metal concentrations and radiometric datings). The acid mine drainage (AMD) – derived metal impact to the lake was found to be the strongest thus far recorded in Finland. Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments are two to three orders of magnitude higher than background values. During the most severe loading phase, there were practically no algae in the lake. Achnanthes  minutissima was the hardiest species able to tolerate increased metal contents. The metal load has changed the properties of sediments in such a way that chrysophycean cysts were impossible to identify because of coating and corrosion. Lake water still has elevated heavy metal concentrations, indicating that the impact from the tailings area continues to affect the lake. It has low productivity, and the planktic diatom community is still not developed. The study demonstrates that unremediated mining areas form a major risk to the environment. The damage to aquatic ecosystem can remain severe for decades after the mining activities have ceased.