A Review of “In the Shadow of the State: Indigenous Politics,Environmentalism, and Insurgency in Jharkhand,India”

In this article, we first replicate and then adapt an existing index of social vulnerability to hazard developed for the United States to a non-U.S. context. We construct indexes for Norwegian municipalities, describe the adjustment process, and compare the replicated and adapted assessments. Our results indicate only a moderate correlation between the replicated and adapted vulnerability indexes and for several municipalities the difference between the indexes is considerable. This demonstrates that context matters and that indexes of vulnerability need to be adapted rather than replicated. To facilitate such adaption processes, we identify three types of accommodation: conceptual, technical, and geographic.     

MEETINGHOUSES IN THE MORMON MIND: IDEOLOGY,ARCHITECTURE, AND TURBULENT STREAMS OF AN EXPANDING CHURCH*

ABSTRACT. Early work by D. W. Meinig delimiting “The Mormon Culture Region” focused on the spread of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints (lds ) in a core, domain, and sphere scheme that recognized diffusion of a fast‐growing group bent on shifting its station from cultural edge to religious mainstream. Such a changeover from fringe belief to international force lacks any widely circulated rule book. The lds and its followers today extend influence through diverse, distinct pathways: making missionaries a recognizable global force, offering education on church‐controlled university campuses, emanating wholesomeness, entering high‐security federal service, and attaining national political power. But nothing so locks in an lds message as the standard‐plan meetinghouses, in uniform styles, that mark church presence in North America and other continents. This work analyzes that architecture and examines its fit within lds expansion and presentation of self, not just in the Salt Lake City church but even as imitated by outcast outliers.     

珠江口沿岸牡蛎养殖场沉积物及牡蛎体内重金属含量与评价

应用原子吸收分光光度计对珠江口9个牡蛎养殖场沉积物及近江牡蛎Crassostrea rivularis样品中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Ni的含量进行测定。结果显示,沉积物中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Ni的平均含量分别为0.35—3.8、32.4—108.0、58—395、13.2—96.1、14.7—39.9和9.35—40.15μg.g-1干重;牡蛎体内Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Ni的平均含量分别为0.11—12.07、128.8—380.6、1 456.2—1 938.4、0.43—0.98、3.26—10.53和1.44—3.31μg.g-1干重。河口区沿岸养殖牡蛎与沉积物中的Cd、Cr含量具显著相关(p<0.01;p<0.05),可作为Cd和Cr污染的良好指示生物。所有采样点牡蛎体内Pb和Cr含量均低于我国颁布的无公害水产品质量安全标准,但6个采样点的Cd含量略超过安全标准(1.00μg.g-1湿重);4个采样点的Cu含量略超过安全标准(50.00μg.g-1湿重),应引起有关部门的重视。     

青海官亭盆地史前灾难性地表过程及其影响研究

通过详细的野外考察,在官亭盆地喇家遗址东侧二方村遗址区域发现完整的土壤沉积物剖面。该剖面记录了全新世土壤土地资源的形成和发展演变,以及灾难性地表过程和人类活动的信息。在深入观察分析的基础上,系统采样并进行多种指标测试分析及年代测定。结果表明：其基本的土壤层序由上到下为：现代表土层(MS)—现代黄土(L₀)—全新世中期黑垆土(S₀)—全新世早期过渡性黄土(L_t)。该序列最显著的特征,是全新世中期黑垆土古土壤被厚达1.2~1.5 m的山洪泥流沉积层分隔为2段,表明在OSL年龄3940~3780 a,对应喇家遗址¹⁴C年龄3850~3600 a BP期间,官亭盆地北侧第三系红层丘陵沟壑区发生大规模暴雨山洪泥流过程。它们在古洪积扇前沿二级阶地溢出沟槽,扩散覆盖土地表面,形成了山洪泥流层组。而辛店文化早期(3600~3400 a BP)的透镜状灰烬层,则出现在该沉积层组的表面。这表明以农牧混合型土地利用为特色的早期辛店/卡约文化在该区域的形成发展,是以灾难性地表过程沉积的红色砂土和粘土地为基础的。这就与山洪泥流层组之下齐家文化(4150~3850 a BP)时期粟黍类谷物种植农业赖以形成发展的肥沃疏松的黑垆土类土壤形成对照。该研究结果揭示出该区域史前人类原始农业土地利用方式由谷物种植向农牧混合的转变,是在全球性气候恶化背景下,由灾难性地表过程造成的土壤和土地资源的退化所引起的。这对于深入了解青藏高原与黄土高原过渡带环境变化与土地利用方式发展演变的驱动因素具有重要的科学意义。     

广西廉州湾贝类养殖区重金属的含量变化及潜在生态风险评价

根据2012—2017年每年8月廉州湾贝类养殖区现场监测资料,探讨了重金属(Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd)在其海水和表层沉积物中的含量变化,评价了2种介质中重金属的污染状况和沉积物重金属的潜在危害状况.结果表明:海水中重金属平均含量为Cu Pb Cd Hg,除Cu外,Hg、Pb、Cd的年际变化均呈明显上升趋势,其污染程度顺序为Cu Hg Pb Cd,整体水质状况基本属于本底水平;表层沉积物中重金属平均含量为Pb Cu Cd Hg,除Hg外,Cu、Pb、Cd的年际变化趋势和水相中的变化基本一致,其污染程度排序为Cu Pb Hg Cd,整体处于中等污染水平;表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险程度顺序依次为Hg Cd Cu Pb,6次调查结果的综合潜在生态风险指数RI值均低于140,平均值为76. 98,表明该海域属于低潜在生态风险水平.     

Soil salinity and sodicity in a shrimp farming coastal area of the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

Soil salinity and sodicity are environmental problems in the shrimp farming areas of the Cai Nuoc district, Ca Mau province, Vietnam. In 2000, farmers in the district switched en masse from rice cropping to shrimp culture. Due to recent failure in shrimp farming, many farmers wish to revert to a rotational system with rice in the wet season and shrimps in the dry season. So far, all their attempts to grow rice have failed. To assess soil salinity and sodicity, 25 boreholes in shrimp ponds were analysed in four consecutive seasons from 2002 to 2004. The results showed that soil salinity was quite serious (mean EC_e 29.25 dS m⁻¹), particularly in the dry season (mean EC_e 33.44 dS m⁻¹). In the wet season, significant amounts of salts still remained in the soil (mean EC_e 24.65 dS m⁻¹) and the highest soil salinity levels were found near the sea. Soil sodicity is also a problem in the district (exchangeable sodium percentage range 9.63–72.07%). Sodicity is mainly a phenomenon of topsoils and of soils near the sea. Both soil salinity and sodicity are regulated by seasonal rainfall patterns. They could together result in disastrous soil degradation in the Cai Nuoc district.     

Impact of Holocene climate change on the prehistoric cultures of Zhejiang region,East China

The temporal-spatial distribution features of prehistoric cultures since the Holocene in Zhejiang region were comparatively analyzed based on GIS spatial analysis. Results show that the prehistoric cultures expanded gradually in this region before 4000 cal. a BP. The notable expansions occurred twice, one in the Majiabang-Hemudu cultural period, the other in the Liangzhu cultural period. Meanwhile, the prehistoric cultures were disseminated from west to east coast along river valleys. After 4000 cal. a BP, as represented by the Maqiao Culture, the distributed area of each prehistoric culture contracted. This is obviously due to the termination of spreading trends to east coast, which was simultaneously accompanied by two different modes of production and economic transitions in the north and south Zhejiang region respectively. The distribution of prehistoric cultures was closely related with Holocene sea-level fluctuations, especially on the banks of Hangzhou Bay, where the distribution changes of prehistoric cultural sites were greatly affected by sea-level changes, with the closest relationships between them. After 7000 cal. a BP, the process of lowered sea-level and regression-epeirogenesis provided wider terrestrial living spaces for prehistoric inhabitants. Based on the comparative analyses of the changes of prehistoric cultures and the environmental evolution information recorded in the Qianmutian subalpine peat of Mt. Tianmu and muddy area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea, it is indicated that the changes of prehistoric cultures were synchronized with environmental changes in Zhejiang region. Before 4000 cal. a BP, the eastward expansion of prehistoric cultures in Zhejiang occurred under the background of the Holocene Optimum, and was the expansion and extension under the joint influences of agricultural civilization and maritime civilization. However, after 4000 cal. a BP, the geographical contraction of prehistoric cultures in Zhejiang occurred under the background of dry-cold climate trend and deterioration of coastal marine environment. It is evidenced from the above fact that the development, expansion and contraction of prehistoric cultures are positively correlated to environmental change. The change of the climatic environment is just the underlying reason for these changes and transitions of production modes and economic forms. Therefore, the climatic environment is the dominant factor of prehistoric culture vicissitudes in Zhejiang region, which has exerted great influence on distribution, dissemination, expansion and transmutation of the culture.     

气候条件对惠安女服饰文化的影响探究

福建惠安女传统服饰文化是国家非物质文化遗产,也是当地极具特色的旅游资源.从服装气候角度,用微气候分析方法,通过研究气候要素与着装厚度之间的定量关系,揭示惠安女服饰文化所蕴含的丰富内涵.独特的气候条件成就奇特的文化,惠安女服饰文化是当地人民适应环境的智慧和坚韧勤劳优良品性的产物,其魅力是奇异外观美及蕴涵品行的完美结合,二...     

抑制螺旋藻胞内核酸酶活性的研究

螺旋藻细胞内较高的胞内核酸酶活性是外源基因转化螺旋藻的主要障碍。以供体质粒pEUTISI为酶消化底物，通过多种方法处理螺旋藻细胞，然后检测其内核酸酶粗提液对pEUTISI的降解作用，结果表明，2mmol/L以上的EDTA处理16h或无Mg^2 螺旋藻培养基培养72h以上，都可使处于对数生长期的螺旋藻胞内核酸酶活性显降低；低于28℃（如24℃）培养也可降低螺旋藻的胞内核酸酶活性。根据实验结果，建议在螺旋藻转化前72h开始低温、无Mg^2 培养，转化前16h提高培养基中EDTA的浓度至2mmol/L，就能获得胞内核酸酶活性极低的受体藻，有利于外源基因的转化。     

海岸带沉积物环境中甲烷代谢茵的富集培养及混合茵群分析

结合Hungate无氧分离技术,对海岸带沉积物中甲烷代谢菌进行了富集培养,分别为珠江口的甲烷产生菌和九龙江口的甲烷氧化菌及其他甲基氧化菌．其研究结果表明：在珠江口淇澳岛海岸带沉积物中,甲烷八叠球菌属（Methanosarcina）为优势菌株,分布于沉积物的上、中、下3个层位,并发现了部分序列与不可培养的泉古菌门（Crcnarchaeota）的杂色泉古菌（miscellaneouscrenarchaeoticgroup,MCG）的相似度为90％～99％．在九龙江口的海岸带沉积物环境中,噬甲基菌属（Methylophaga）为优势菌群,在富集产物菌群多样性中占60％～99％;还有一些相似度较低（为95％～97％）的菌群,为潜在的新种．