吐木休克构造带构造模型新解

吐木休克构造带位于塔里木盆地巴楚隆起北缘,为巴楚隆起和北部阿瓦提凹陷的分界,其形成与巴楚隆起的成因密切相关,作为克拉通内部发育的大型断裂,其构造活动一直持续至现今,探讨其形成过程及成因机制对于研究克拉通内部构造变形样式及成因具有重要意义。本文立足于前人研究成果和认识,以近垂直于吐木休克断裂带走向的二维地震资料为基础,运用断层相关褶皱理对相应剖面进行了轴面及等倾角域划分及断层识别,刻画了吐木休克构造带的二维几何学特征,并利用三维建模技术建立了其三维几何学形态;利用平衡剖面技术,分析了吐木休克构造带的构造演化,揭示了其运动学特征;结合其运动特征及前人研究成果,探讨了其成因机制。研究认为吐木休克构造带具有多层滑脱的特征,整体上具有西段构造活动强烈,向东逐渐减弱的特征;吐木休克断裂带在各段其构造样式较为一致,为由基底两套滑脱层及反冲断层组成的复合构造楔;构造带初始形成于中晚奥陶世并长期继承性活动,生长地层及地层的缺失情况指示构造带的形成过程可主要分为3 个期次,其中以中晚二叠-白垩纪的构造活动最为强烈,为吐木休克构造带的主要形成期,新生代的构造活动具有走滑性质。     

High-temperature–low-pressure metamorphism and the production of S-type granites of the Hillgrove Supersuite,southern New England Orogen,NSW, Australia

The high-temperature–low-pressure Wongwibinda Metamorphic Complex of the southern New England Orogen is bound by S-type granite plutons of the Hillgrove Supersuite to the north, east and south. New U–Pb geochronology of five samples of the Hillgrove Supersuite demonstrates that plutonism in the complex involved two pulses: ca 300 Ma and ca 292 Ma. This indicates that plutonism partially overlaps the age of high-T–low-P metamorphism (296.8 ± 1.5 Ma), but also postdates it. Zircon grains identified as xenocrysts based on age (≥310 Ma) have U–Pb–Hf isotopic character that largely overlaps detrital grains in the host Girrakool Beds, indicating that accretionary complex crust is the likely source of these xenocrysts. The ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf initial character for zircon for the ca 300 Ma plutons (three samples) is less radiogenic than those in the ca 292 Ma plutons (two samples). The progression in ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf initial character for zircon infers an increasing mantle component in the Hillgrove Supersuite with time. These data are evidence of a rift tectonic setting, where mantle-derived magmas are predicted to more readily migrate to shallower crustal levels as the crust thins and becomes hotter. Additionally, early episodes of partial melting in the system melt-depleted the metasedimentary sources, thus reducing the S-type component as anatexis progressed. The evolution of the Hillgrove Supersuite coincides with a period of early Permian slab roll back and extension accompanied by crustal rifting and thinning, leading to high-T–low-P metamorphism, anatexis and S-type granite production and the development of rift basins such as the Sydney–Gunnedah–Bowen system.     

塔里木溢流玄武岩省的巨型长英质热火山碎屑流爆发记录

在塔里木盆地西北缘的柯坪地区二叠系库普库兹满组和开派兹雷克组玄武岩之间发现厚层长英质火山碎屑岩层序。该层序包括可见含交错层理的空落火山灰层、三层含增生火山砾的火山灰、熔结凝灰岩和再沉积熔结凝灰岩。层序下部为与其准同时喷发的玄武质火山碎屑岩和玄武质熔岩流。利用锆石U-Pb法确定熔结凝灰岩层的喷发年龄为290.9±1.3Ma(MSWD=1.12),该年龄限定了库普库兹满组玄武岩喷发的截止时间。长英质火山碎屑岩层序中的增生火山砾由粒度250μm的长英质玻屑组成,且长宽比均1.5。根据形貌、结构和岩相学特征,将增生火山砾分为三类,分别对应热火山碎屑流从起始(TypeⅡ,coated ash pellet)到极盛(TypeⅠ,accretionary lapillus)再逐渐衰弱(TypeⅢ,ash pellet)的过程。由于喷发规模巨大,该火山层序很可能广泛分布于盆地内,可能是确定全盆地溢流玄武岩喷发时限的一个关键标志层。     

低频信息对阻抗反演的影响分析

在地震波阻抗成像和岩石物理解释中,低频信息是非常重要的。缺失低频会导致地震波频带变窄,时间域分辨率降低,最终会使波阻抗成像错误或造成虚假成像,这将会造成储层预测和岩石物理解释不正确。针对同一工区的两块资料ZJNew和ZJOld进行了波阻抗反演,含较多低频成分的ZJNew资料的反演结果分辨率较高。通过楔形模型反演结果的比较可知,低频缺失会导致在储层位置出现虚假薄夹层,造成储层预测解释错误。     

挡土墙主动土压力的库仑统一解

基于极限平衡理论,视墙后填土为服从Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的理想弹塑性材料,指出库仑土压力理论存在的一些缺陷,明确提出极限土压力是由墙后塑性土体产生,并假定塑性区的一族滑移线为直线,即平面滑裂面,建立了更为完善的滑楔分析模型,求解了在一般情况下考虑黏性土作用的挡土墙主动土压力、滑裂面土反力以及它们的分布,而经典库仑和朗肯主动土压力为其特例。     

Intergranular trace elements in mantle xenoliths from Russian Far East: Example for mantle metasomatism by hydrous melt

Based on both major and trace element chemistry, the occurrence of the intergranular component in mantle-derived xenoliths from far eastern Russia has been constrained. Whole-rock trace element measurements of one xenolith show apparent negative anomalies in Ce, Th, and high field strength elements on normalized trace element patterns. The trace element pattern of the whole rock differs from those of constituent minerals, indicating that the anomalies in the whole rock are attributable to the presence of an intergranular component. That assumption was confirmed using in situ analysis of trace elements in the intergranular substance and melt inclusion using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Both the intergranular component and the melt inclusions have identical trace element patterns, which mean that these materials are a cognate metasomatizing agent. The anomalies are regarded as mantle metasomatism related to an aqueous fluid. Hydrous minerals were observed on the wall of the melt inclusions using micro-Raman spectroscopy, indicating that the melt inclusions contained a large amount of water. Thus, this study reveals a trace element composition of a hydrous metasomatizing agent in the mantle.     

山西忻定盆地断层崩积楔OSL年龄及其对古地震事件的指示意义

断层陡坎崩积楔是断层活动的直接产物,是古地震事件的重要证据。对于崩积楔的准确定年是解决古地震事件的关键。近几年得益于释光技术与方法的发展,简单多片再生法(SMAR)已成功应用于130 ka以来黄土类型沉积物的定年。以山西忻定盆地五台山北麓南峪口探槽为例,对该探槽中的两期崩积楔（D1、D2）各个部位不同类型沉积物进行系统采样,对样品采用细颗粒石英(4~11 μm)简单多片再生法(SMAR)进行光释光(OSL)测年,根据光释光年龄,得出如下认识：(1)D1、D2崩积楔演化过程与常规的正断层崩积楔演化模式有些差别;(2)D1崩积楔古地形面由断层处向外延伸堆积而成,D2崩积楔古地形面由水平堆积形成,且较D1厚;（3）D1崩塌结束后经历较强的水流作用;(4)两次古地震事件分别发生于(42.77±2.46)～(61.72±282) ka、(32.80±2.87)～(47.92±0.94) ka,时间间隔为10～15 ka。     

Seismic evidence for a metastable olivine wedge in the subducting Pacific slab under Japan Sea

We apply a forward-modeling approach to high-quality arrival time data from 23 deep earthquakes greater than 400 km depth to investigate the detailed structure of the subducting Pacific slab beneath the Japan Sea. Our results show that a finger-like anomaly exists within the subducting Pacific slab below 400 km depth, which has a P-wave velocity 5% lower than the surrounding slab velocity (or 3% lower than that of the normal mantle), suggesting the existence of a metastable olivine wedge (MOW) in the slab. The MOW top and bottom depths are 400 and 560 km, respectively. The MOW is estimated to be about 50 km wide at 400 km depth and close to the slab upper boundary. At 560 km depth the MOW is located at about 25 km below the slab upper boundary. Most of the deep earthquakes are located in the MOW. Our results favor transformational faulting as the mechanism for deep earthquakes.     

Detailed seafloor geomorphology of the western region of the North Yellow Sea,China: The result of Holocene erosional and depositional processes sculpting the offshore continental shelf

High-resolution multi-beam/single-beam bathymetric data and seismic profiling data from the latest surveys are used to map and interpret the detailed seafloor geomorphology of the western region of the North Yellow Sea (NYS), China. The mapping area covers 156 410 km2, and incorporates a flat shelf plain, subaqueous accumulation shoals, tidal scouring troughs, and tidal sand ridge groups. Offshore areas with water depths less than 50 m in the western region of the NYS are mainly covered by thick, loose sediments, forming wide spread accumulation geomorphological features; these include the Liaodong Peninsula subaqueous accumulation system containing shoals and rugged scouring troughs, and the large mud wedge of the Shandong Peninsula. In the central part of the NYS, there is a relatively flat residual shelf plain with coarser sediment deposits. This flat shelf plain has a water depth larger than 50 m and a thin layer of sediment, on which there is a large pockmark field caused by seafloor seepage. These geomorphological structures indicate that modern sedimentary processes are the main driving force controlling the sculpture of the current seafloor surface landform. Extensive strong tidal current systems and abundant sediment sources provide the critical external forces and essential conditions for the formation of seafloor geomorphology. The tectonic basement controls the macroscopic morphological shape of the NYS, but is reflected very little in the seafloor geomorphic elements. Our results provide a detailed seafloor geomorphological map of the western region of the NYS, an area that has not previously mapped and also provide a scientific framework for further research into offshore seafloor geomorphology, shelf sedimentary processes, and submarine engineering construction in this region.     

THE RESPONSE OF SAG POND SEDIMENT TO THE PALEOEARTHQUAKE EVENT ON THE XIADIAN FAULT ZONE

The wedge-shaped deposit formed in front of fault scarp is called colluvial wedge. Repeated faulting by faults may produce multiple colluvial wedges, each of which represents a paleoseismic event. When there are two or more colluvial wedges, the new colluvial wedge is in sedimentary contact with the fault, while the old ones are in fault contact with the fault. The shape of colluvial wedge is usually in the form of horizontal triangle, and the sedimentary facies is usually of binary structure. The overall grain size decreases gradually from bottom to top. Soil layer generally develops on the top, and different types of soil are developed under different climate or soil environments. Another deposit in front of fault scarp is the sag pond graben. The graben in front of sag pond is generally a set of sedimentary assemblages of colluvial facies, alluvial diluvial facies and swamp facies. The area close to the fault, especially the main fault, is of colluvial facies, while the area away from the fault is of alluvial and pluvial facies and marshy facies. In an accumulative cycle, the size of the deposit decreases from bottom to top, and soil layers develop on the top or surface. Multiple pile-ups may be a marker for identifying multiple faulting events. The pile-up strata such as colluvial wedge and fault sag pond can be used as identification markers for paleoseismic events. Colluvial wedge and sag pond, as the identification markers for paleoearthquake, have been well applied to practical research. However, there is still lack of detailed research on the lithological structure and genetic evolution in the interior of colluvial wedge and sag pond sediment, meanwhile, there is still a deficiency in the analysis of the completeness and the regional characteristics of paleoearthquake by using colluvial wedge and sag pond sediment. This paper discusses the method of identifying paleoearthquake by using sag pond sediments and colluvial wedge. We discuss the lithologic combination and sedimentary evolution of sag pond and choose the surface rupture zone of the 1679 M8.0 earthquake on the Xiadian Fault as the research area. In this paper, the distribution range and filling sequence of sag pond are analyzed, using borehole exploration. Four paleoearthquake events are identified since 25ka to 12ka, based on the sag pond sediments and colluvial wedge. The in situ recurrence interval of these seismic events is 480a, 510a, 7 630a and 2 830a, respectively. The lithologic combination and sedimentary evolution law of the sag pond sediments caused by an ancient earthquake are discussed. The sag pond distribution range and filling sequence are determined by the surface elevation survey and drilling exploration. The exploratory trench exposes the sag pond filling strata sequence and lithologic combination. Based on this, we analyze the three sedimentation stages of sag pond sediments formed by a paleoearthquake event near the earthquake fault. It is believed that the filling sequence is composed from bottom to top of the colluvial wedge, the erosion surface or unconformity surface, the fine detrital sediments(containing biological debris)and paleosols. For the fault-sag ponds formed by active faults, the paleoearthquakes occurred near the unconformity or erosion surface of the sediments of the fault-plug ponds. An ancient earthquake event includes the combination of organic deposits such as sediments, clastic deposits, bioclasts, burrow, plant roots and other organic deposits on the vertical scour surface or unconformity. The time interval between two paleoseismic events is defined by two adjacent unconformities(or scour surfaces). According to the vertical facies association and chronological test results of the sediments in the Pangezhuang trough of the Xiatan Fault, four paleo-seismic events are identified since the late Pleistocene period of 25~12ka BP, with recurrence intervals of 480a, 510a, 7 630a and 2 830a, respectively.