再论博格达推覆构造与油气

根据地面地质、地震和钻井资料,进一步论述了博格达推覆构造确立的依据,建立了基本模式,进行了区带划分,研究分析了推覆构造的形成和演化.指出了各区段的特征,受力机制以及控油的主要因素.     

Metasomatized harzburgite xenoliths from Avacha volcano as fragments of mantle wedge of the Kamchatka arc: Implication for the metasomatic agent

Abstract   Abundant peridotite xenoliths have been found in pyroclasitics of Avacha (Avachinsky) volcano, the south Kamchatka arc, Russia. They are mostly refractory harzburgite with or without clinopyroxene: the Fo of olivine and Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio of spinel range from 91 to 92 and from 0.5 to 0.7, respectively. They are metasomatized to various extents, and the metasomatic orthopyroxene has been formed at the expense of olivine. The metasomatic orthopyroxene, free of deformation and exsolution, is characterized by low contents of CaO and Cr₂O₃. The complicated way of replacement possibly indicates low viscosity of the metasomatic agent, namely hydrous fluids released from the relatively cool slab beneath the south Kamchatka arc. This is a good contrast to the north Kamchatka arc, where the slab has been hot enough to provide slab-derived melts. High content of total orthopyroxene, 40 vol% on average, in metasomatized harzburgite from Avacha suggests silica enrichment of the mantle wedge, and is equivalent to some subcratonic harzburgite. Some subcratonic harzburgites therefore could have been formed by transportation of subarc metasomatized peridotites to a deeper part of the upper mantle.     

Fragments of oceanic islands in accretion–collision areas of Gorny Altai and Salair, southern Siberia, Russia: early stages of continental crustal growth of the Siberian continent in Vendian–Early Cambrian time

The Altai-Salair area in southern Siberia is a Caledonian folded area containing fragments of Vendian–Early Cambrian island arcs. In the Vendian–Early Cambrian, an extended system of island arcs existed near the Paleo-Asian Ocean/Siberian continent boundary and was located in an open ocean realm. In the present-day structural pattern of southern Siberia, the fragments of Vendian–Early Cambrian ophiolites, island arcs and paleo-oceanic islands occur in the accretion–collision zones. We recognized that the accretion–collision zones were mainly composed of the rock units, which were formed within an island-arc system or were incorporated in it during the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean under the island arc or the Siberian continent. This system consists of accretionary wedge, fore-arc basin, primitive island arc and normal island arc. The accretionary wedges contain the oceanic island fragments which consist of OIB basalts and siliceous—carbonate cover including top and slope facies sediments. Oceanic islands submerged into the subduction zone and, later were incorporated into an accretionary wedge. Collision of oceanic islands and island arcs in subduction zones resulted in reverse currents in the accretionary wedge and exhumation of high-pressure rocks. Our studies of the Gorny Altai and Salair accretionary wedges showed that the remnants of oceanic crust are mainly oceanic islands and ophiolites. Therefore, it is important to recognize paleo-islands in folded areas. The study of paleo- islands is important for understanding the evolution of accretionary wedges and exhumation of subducted high-pressure rocks.     

泡沫增压钻进技术应用

在山西长子县某水源井施工中,利用现有7/9压风机与TB850/50泥浆泵设备,采用泡沫增压钻进技术进行钻探.在钻进过程中,调整参数为：气液比180～240,泡沫液浓度4%～8%.随着钻探进尺的加快和地层出水量的增加,适当增加泡沫剂的浓度,达到降低气液比,有利于携粉,提高钻效.实践证明,采用泡沫钻进要比常规泥浆钻进钻效提高31.7%,纯钻时间利用率提高3.4%,综合成本降低56.1%.     

The role of dewatering in the progressive deformation of a sandy accretionary wedge: constraints from direct imagings of fluid flow and void structure

Geological investigation of the deformation structures and sedimentary setting of the Emi Group, a Miocene sand-rich accretionary complex, central Japan, revealed a six stage-structural evolution during shallow level accretion in a subduction zone. The early deformation (stage 1) is characterized by independent particulate flow in layer parallel faults, scaly cleavages and web structures, and upward dewatering in dish-and-pillar structures and breccia injections, while later deformation (stages 2–6) involve mappable scale folding, meso- to macro-scopic thrusts and web structures with cataclastic flow. Based on microscopic analyses of these structures, the early faulting with independent particulate flow (stage 1 deformation) is associated with dilatancy and preferred orientation of void space, whereas the later faulting with cataclastic flow (stage 2 deformation) occurs with compaction and crude preferred orientation. The former features imply more permeable fluid migration pathways, supported by the permeability measurements and direct imaging of fluid flow by X-ray CT. On the other hand, the later fault zone has lower permeability and porosity than intact rock, and plays as fluid sealing. Thus, in the early stage (stages 1), fluid flow occurs as focused flow through dilatant fault zones with independent particulate flow or fluid migration by upward dewatering forming dish-and-pillar structures and breccia injections, whereas no evidence of fluid flow is recognized at the later stages (stages 2–6). Namely the fault zones focus fluid flow during primary accretion in shallow levels, and the fluid flow is strongly controlled by the deformation mechanism. Furthermore, the change of the deformation mechanism could be effected by progressive increment of the confining pressure, accompanied with accretion and lithification in the accretionary prism. In the shallow, dilatant-faulting regime where the deformation mechanism is independent particulate flow, focused flow dominates, whereas in the deep, cataclastic regime distributed flow may play a main conduit rather than the focused flow.     

Response of a double‐wedge base‐isolation device

A novel base‐isolation device is described and its performance is compared with that of a friction pendulum bearing. In its simplest form, the device consists of two wedges sliding on a horizontal plane in opposite directions and constrained from retreating by ratchets or bilinear dampers. The superstructure rests at the intersection of the two wedges. For a sufficiently large horizontal acceleration of the base, the structure starts to move up the inclined plane of one of the wedges, which remains fixed while the second wedge is slaved to follow the structure. As the direction of the base acceleration reverses, the process is reversed and the structure starts to climb on the second inclined plane while the first wedge follows. The overall result is that the horizontal acceleration of the structure is reduced with respect to that of the base and that kinetic energy associated with horizontal velocities is systematically transformed into potential energy. In the case of motion in a vertical plane, the device has the following advantages over a friction pendulum: (i) the sliding surface is linear instead of curved, (ii) kinetic energy is systematically transformed into potential energy during the strong ground motion, and (iii) the device is slowly self‐centering. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Island-arc Ankaramites: Primitive Melts from Fluxed Refractory Lherzolitic Mantle

The distinctive island-arc ankaramites exemplified by the activeVanuatu arc may be produced by melting of refractory lherzoliteunder conditions in which melting is fluxed by H₂O + CO₂. Parentalpicritic ankaramite magmas with maximum CaO/Al₂O₃ to     

小径偏斜技术应用实例

黄陵矿区二号井田R49孔在井深392.63m处发生粘钻事故,部分钻具滞留孔底,为减少报废进尺,补取煤心,在后续工程施工中采用了小径偏斜技术.根据该孔特点及井深层位,制作了符合施工要求的偏心楔,并按照一定的操作程序下到指定位置.在偏斜钻进时选用硬质合金钻头.根据需要分段调整了转速、钻压、泵量等钻进参数.为避免偏心楔在孔内发生位移和转向,采取了一些防护措施和技术手段,保证了偏斜钻进既绕过事故钻具终孔,又补取了煤心,取得了较好的地质技术及经济效果.     

碧口群的层序及时代

碧口群是一套发生在台地与裂谷之间的裂谷边缘型沉积，各类岩石之间具有规律性的相变特征，按岩石类型及组合特征可划分为７个组级岩石地层单位。根据该群不整合在志留纪茂县群或水晶组之上，被中泥盆统—石炭系略阳组连续沉积覆盖，以及自身所产化石（Ａｍｐｈｉｓｉｔｅｓｐｕｌｃｈｅｒ，Ｂａｉｒｄｉａｓｐ．，Ｄｅｓｑｕａｍａｔｉａｓｐ．，Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｐｈｏｒｉａｓｐ．等），将其时代确定为早—中泥盆世。     

Sediment accretion against a buttress beneath the Peruvian continental margin at 12° S as simulated with sandbox modeling

Reflection seismic data from the Peruvian continental margin at 12° S clearly reveal an accretionary wedge and buttress. Sandbox experiments applying the physical concept of the Coulomb theory allow the systematic investigation of the growth and deformation of such an accretionary structure. The style of deformation of the buttress and the internal structure of the wedge is observed in the sandbox models. The possibility of underplating material beneath the buttress and the amount of tectonic erosion depend on the physical properties of the materials, mainly internal friction, cohesion and basal friction. Boundary conditions such as the height of the subduction gate and the thickness of incoming sand also constrain the style of growth of the model accretionary structure.The configurations of two experiments were closely scaled to reflection seismic depth sections across the Peruvian margin. A deformable buttress constructed of compacted rock powder is introduced to replicate the basement rock which allows deformation similar to that in the seismic data. With the sandbox models it is possible to verify a proposed accretionary history derived from seismic and borehole data. The models also help in understanding the mechanisms which control the amount of accretion, subduction and underplating as a function of physical properties, boundary conditions and the duration of convergence.